Bromus tectorum ( cheatgrass or downy brome)

Researching on Bromus tectorum lead me to a vast collection of literature about the plant species. An almost neck reference on it is provided by the Nature Conservancy, Wildland dirty dog Program. For my essay/report, I used its Element Stewardship Abstract for Bromus tectorum written by Allan run short and Thomas Murray as my main reference. The plant species Bromus tectorum is an alien lead astray or an invader that usually takes over wan ground in shrub-steppe ecosystems of the Western United alleges and Canada (Link et al. ). The scientific name is of Greek and Latin origins.According to the act as of Upadhyaya et al. , the genus name Bromus is said to countenance originated from the archaic Greek war cry bromos, which refers to a particular kind of oat. The ancient Greek word broma, in addition, means food. The specific epithet, on the other hand, was believed to have been derived from the Latin quarrel tector and tectum, which mean one who overlays and roof, respect iviely. Bromus tectorum is more comm wholly known as invention roll of tobacco to local inhabitants. Other parts of trades union America key it downy brome because of its noticeably hairy leaves. There are galore(postnominal) other names associated to this species.The documented ones include drooping brome, downy cheat, cheat grass brome, slender chess, Mormon oats, and broncograss (Upadhyaya et al. ). Cheatgrass is erect and can insurrection up to 24 inches high. Its leaves and stems shape into tufts or clumps as seen in get in 1. The grass has tiny, pappy hair like structures that cover its leaves. Bromus tectorum is an annual grass and is usually dense during winter or spring. This annual plant germinates in fall or spring. However, it has been observed that vast numbers of downy bromegrass seedlings usually germinate after the first fall rain in infested reachs (West).Cheatgrass only replicates through seeds. However, it is exceptionally efficient that is, an individual cheatgrass may honk hundreds to thousands of seeds (Mosely et al. 1987 cited in Pyron). Its home system then proceeds to develop for the whole duration of the winter season. By spring, the grass has an al enjoiny wide-ranging root system, enabling the plant to draw out higher levels of moisture and discoloration nutrients. Cheatgrass has a compact phenology and usually desiccates and spreads its seeds by mid-June (West 1983). Naturally, it undergoes senescence in summer.Once dried, these plants can catalyze wild bolts in its regions. The frequent occurrence of ardors in an empyrean displaces perennials and even other annuals that initially dominate a particular connection (West 1983). Cheatgrass has a Eurasian autochthonic range (Novak, Mack, and Soltis). However, it is now prime in diverse forms of habitats all over the United States but, it is most wonderful on the Columbia- snake River Plateau, Wyoming Basin, and the northern portion of the Great Basin in disturbed sage brush steppe communities (Rice and Mack West).In the mid 1800s, it was accidentally brought into the United States of America. The invasion of North America by B. tectorum occurred through multiple introductions (Bartlett et al. ). In regions where the soil has in particular high levels of potassium in it, cheatgrass is found to grow and grow well in the orbit (Belnap pers. comm. cited in work et al. ). Research has shown that the mensurcapable potassium levels in communities can be used to determine and probabilistically predict how susceptible and vulnerable the area may be to cheatgrass takeover.The amount of potassium in the soil may also be altered to alter the abundance of cheatgrass. By lowering the levels of potassium in the soil, the density of cheatgrass may also be lowered. (Belnap pers. comm. cited in Carpenter et al. ). The control of growth and proliferation of cheatgrass in a particular area has shown great significance. Since cheatgrass exhibits both advantage a nd disadvantages, it is important to be able to moderate its invasion. Cheatgrass has a twofold role one, as an chafe and pestering weed, and two, a significant early season pastureland for oxen and sheep (Emmerich et al. Upadhyaya et al. ). Bromus tectorum takes over rangelands, pastures, prairies, and other open areas, as seen in skeletal system 2 (www. invasive. org). Consequently, it has the capacity to thoroughly spay the ecosystems it invades. It poses many bionomic and environmental problems because of its propensity to completely wipe out all native leafage and vegetation in a particular area and even modify certain pom-pom patterns. The alterations caused by cheatgrass in the frequency of fire cycles is said to be the species greatest competitive advantage. (Whisenant) In sagebrush grassland ecosystem, fire is a natural occurrence (see Figure 3). Those fires usually happened at intervals inside the range of 60-100 years. However, in areas where the presence of cheatgr ass dominates, areas burn at a much greater and increased frequency, every 3-5 years (Whisenant). With this frequency range, native plants, shrubs, and other perennial grasses cannot keep up and fail to recover. This results to the development of cheatgrass monoculture other species tend to be completely wiped-out.The vegetation of a ancient (undisturbed) shrub-steppe ecosystem is populated by perennial bunchgrasses and widely spaced shrubs (Whisenant). According to the work of Whisenant, the species that are commonly replaced by cheatgrass include the following monolithic sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, crested wheatgrass western wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, needle-and-thread grass, and Thurbers needlegrass. Sagebrush steppe cannot simply bleed with this shortened fire interval.As how Devine put it, fire begets cheatgrass and cheatgrass begets fire (Devine). What are the advantages of Bromus tectorum or cheatgrass? For ranchers, it is especially useful since it provides a large volume of early spring forage for different types of blood line and animals on grazing lands especially in the Intermountain and peaceful Northwest regions (Upadhyaya et al. ). In terms of its density and the quality of herbage grown including the wideness of the area covered by cheatgrass, it is undoubtedly the most important spring forage in the region (Upadhyaya et al. Emmerich et al. ). On the other hand, while ranchers in the Intermountain and Pacific Northwest regions take advantage of cheatgrass, the United States and Canada winter wheat growers ensure it as pesttheir worst problem (Upadhyaya et al. 1986). According to literature, cheatgrass is a problematic weed in winter wheat. Cheatgrass has many ecological and competitive advantages in contrast with other perennial and annual plants. It has the index to adapt well and evolve to its native environment and to other environments it invades.Although this has shown to have certain advantages espec ially to ranchers for foraging, this characteristic of cheatgrass has posed many problems in the ecology and can be very damaging. In my opinion, it is only becoming that human intervention be exercised to control its dominance and invasions. Cheatgrass is a sinister. As discussed, it raises both agricultural and environmental problems. The references that I have read reveal that regulation of cheatgrass invasion will demand a combination of chemical control, physical control, vegetative suppression, and proper livestock focusing where land is grazed (Carpenter and Murray).It is obvious that the problem is quite a interlinking one as it involves many other variables. Moreover, human intervention could perhaps worsen the ecological balance. Thus, the U. S. government and other ecological and environmental agencies should disadvantageously and carefully address the problems and implement effective management programs to minimize its infestations all the same still making sure th at ecological equilibrium is still achieved. chief(prenominal) Reference Carpenter, Allan and Thomas Murray. 1998. Element Stewardship Abstract for Bromus tectorum. The Nature Conservancy, Wildland Weed Program. Downloaded from http//tncweeds. ucdavis. edu Works Cited Bartlett Elizabeth, Stephen Novak, and Richard Mack. Genetic Variation in Bromus Tectorum (Poaceae) distinction in the eastern United States, American journal of Botany, 89. 4 (2002) 602-612. Belnap, Jayne. in-person communication with Jayne Belnap. Ecologist, National Biological Service. Canyonlands National Park, Moab, Utah (10/19/98). Devine, Robert. That cheatin heartland. 51-71. In Alien invasion Americas battle with non-native animals and plants.National Geographic Society. capital letter D. C. 1998. Emmerich, Fay, Frosty Tipton, and James Young. Cheatgrass Changing perspectives and management strategies. Rangelands 15 (1993) 37-39. Link, Steven. , Harvey Bolton, jr. , Michael Thiede, and William Rickard. Responses of downy brome to nitrogen and water. Journal of Range Management 48 (1995) 290-297. Novak, Stephen, Richard Mack, and Pamela Soltis. Genetic variation in Bromus tectorum (Poaceae) introduction dynamics in North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 71 (1993) 14411448.Mosely, Jeffrey, Stephen Bunting and blade Manoukian. Cheatgrass. 175-188. In Sheley, Roger L. Petroff, Janet K. , eds. Biology and management of noxious rangeland weeds. Corvallis, OR Oregon State University Press. 1999. Pyron, Jayson. Cheatgrass (Bromus Tectorum). Rice, Kevin, and Richard Mack. Ecological genetics of Bromus tectorum intraspecific variation in phenotypic plasticity. Oecologia 88 (1991) 84-90.Upadhyaya, Mahesh, Roy Turkington and Douglas McIlvride. The biology of Canadian weeds. 75. Bromus tectorum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66 (1986) 689-709. West, Niel. Western intermountain sagebrush steppe Temperate desert and Semi-Deserts. 351-373. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company , Amsterdam, 1993. Whisenant, Steven Changing fire frequencies on Idahos Snake River Plains Ecological and management implications. Proceedings-Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, crotch hair Die-off, and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management, 1990.