Globalisation , the World Economy and MNE's mini essay - 4

Globalisation , the World Economy and MNE's mini - Essay Example This paper therefore seeks to explore the emerging global markets, the advantages and disadvantages that accrue from venturing into such markets based on a case study of Research in Motion (RIM). The paper further endeavours to ascertain the extent to which RIM has been successful in penetrating this market. Basically emerging markets are developing countries that are experiencing a fast growth rate that are shifting from centrally planned economies to more liberalized economies. There are several advantages that accrue from emerging markets that make it attractive for investment purposes. The main advantage of these markets is target markets. For example in India, there is a large pool of skilled workers that are readily available and at a relatively affordable price (Hansen 2010). On the same note, its counterpart has equally a large pool of highly skilled and technical staff whose rates are affordable. In relation To The case study, RIM through it research and development unveiled a strategy to choose R&D sites that were backed by mature skills and strong technological institutions. For example, RIM curved out a niche as a centre for innovation with doubling number of patents every two years and the R&D ratio to GDP doubling in the previous decade. The two emerging markets have an advantage as manufacturing bases. There is readily available skilled labor at reasonable wages for manufacturing and assembly operation. Due to the cheaper production costs, was able to attract a sharp increase in the foreign direct investments between 1994 and 2007 with a steep increase in 2006. The same case is applicable to India. Under such circumstances, RIM’s strategy of investing in these emerging markets is valid and helps in reducing production cost whilst making the company stay competitive. Another critical advantage is the outsourcing of expatriates (Dolfsma, Duysters, & Costa 2009). RIM’s

Marriage and Muslim Law

Marriage and Muslim Law The researcher has adopted a doctrinal form of research to do his project. The project entails the researcher to analyzes the concept of marriage under muslim law. Various sources both primary and secondary sources have been consulted for the same. No part of this project is plagiarized and the project is the original work of the researcher. Introduction To what extent is sharia a fixed set of norms that apply to all Muslims? Many assume that sharia rules can simply be found either by reading the Quran, or by listening to the opinion of any Muslim priest. They also assume that all Muslims are bound by the same rules, and that sharia rules can thusbe enforced across national borders to all Muslims equally, in the MiddleEast, Africa, Asia, and Europe. But is this correct? And if not, what then is the correct understanding of sharia? When people refer to the sharia, they are, in fact, referring to their sharia in the name of the eternal will of the Almighty God. The variety of meanings of sharia has given rise to a flexible, multi-interpretable discourse about sharia and law which moves smoothly from one meaning of sharia to another. Marriage or Nikah in Islamic law is a contract pure and simple needing no writing and no scared rites. All that is necessary is offer and acceptance made in the presence and hearing of two male or female witnesses and recording the factum of marriage in the Nikah Register maintained in every mosque signed by the parties and attested by witnesses. It is payable to the wife on the dissolution of marriage or death or divorce. In India, there is no need to register the Muslim marriage, as there is no law requiring registration. I am grateful to Dr.Vijender Kumar to give me this valuable opportunity to do a project on The Concept of Marriage under Muslim Law. We have seen, it is the family law that has always represented the very heart of the Sharia, for it is this part of the law that is regarded by the Muslims as entering into the very warp and woof of their religion. Generally speaking, in the law of the family alone that the Sharia is still applied to some four hundred million Muslims, for it is virtually only in the Arabian Peninsula, Afghanistan, Northern Nigeria that the Sharia is applied today, as such, outside the sphere of family relations and personal status. It is precisely in regards to the law of marriage and divorce that the battle is joined today between the forces of conservatism and and progress in the Muslim world, and the vicissitudes of that battle provide, as we have seen, a gauge of social progress, a mirror of the advance of modernism in Islam, and an illustration of how a nominally immutable law can be changed in practice. Let us start then with a summary statement of Islamic law in these matters. A Muslim woman is bound to monogamy, while a Muslim man may have as many as four wives at once, but no more. In addition, the Ithna Ashari branch of the Shia, alone , allows him to have any number temporary marriages, or marriage of enjoyment, while all schools allow a man to indulge rights of concubinage with his own female slaves. Any sexual intercourse outside these limits  [1]  constitute zina, or illicit sex relations, for which the punishment is death by stoning in the case of an offender who has ever consummated a lawful marriage, and one hundred lashes in the case of others. But these penalties can seldom be properly imposed because of the exceedingly exacting standard of proof required, and the principle that such punishments are averted by any circumstance of doubt-besides the fact that Islamic criminal law has today only a very limited application. In addition a Muslim husband may repudiate his wife or wives at any time and at his unilateral discretion. So much for a very general summary. It is essential, however, first to consider this against its historical background and then elaborate it in greater detail. Marriages in Islam Islam, unlike other religions is a strong advocate of marriage. There is no place for celibacy like, for example the Roman Catholic priests and nuns. The prophet (pbuh) has said there is no celibacy in Islam. Marriage is a religious duty and is consequently a moral safeguard as well as a social necessity. Islam does not equal celibacy with high taqwa / Iman. The prophet has also said, Marriage is my tradition who so ever keeps away there from is not from amongst me. Marriage acts as an outlet for sexual needs and regulate it so one does not become a slave to his/ her desires. It is a social necessity because through marriage, families are established and the family is the fundamental unit of our society. Furthermore, marriage is the only legitimate or halal way to indulge in intimacy between a man and a woman. Islam takes a middle of the road position to sexual relations , it neither condemns it like certain religions, nor does it allow it freely. Islam urges us to control and regulate our desires, whatever they may be so that we remain dignified and not become like animals. Historical Background In pre-Islamic Arabia, it seems, there were several types of marriage, ranging probably from the patrilineal and including the so-called marriage of temporary enjoyment. The most respectable form, however, was a patrilineal marriage in which the groom paid a dower for, or to, his bride. This has developed no doubt, out of the widespread custom of paying bride-wealth to the tribe or the family of the bride for the loss of her reproductive capacity and as a stabilization both of the union and of the relation between two families; but it would seem that even before the the advent of Islam the dower had come to be regarded in Arabia as properly belonging to the bride herself. In any case this is a characteristic of the Islamic law of marriage, however much it is still disregarded in practice in some quarters. Muslim jurists often in fact employ the simile of sale, and regard the dower as consideration for marital rights-a consideration that constitutes an essential element in every Muslim marriage. Nor is this dower repayable on divorce, in Islamic law, once the marriage has been consummated, even where the wife is primarily at fault, except by her own voluntary agreement. Hanafis, on the other hand, consider that an adult woman may contract herself in marriage provided she chooses a husband who is her equal in respect of family, trade, religion, and so forth; that only minors may be given in marriage without their consent; and that even minors have an option of repudiating such a marriage when they reach majority I all cases in which the guardian who acted for them was other than father or grandfather.  [2]  The other Sunni schools exclude marriage by compulsion by any except the father or fathers father (or, in the case of the Malikis, the father or father or his executor); but they extend such compulsion, in respect of virgins daughters, far beyond majority. In addition, a man is prohibited from being married, at one and the same time, to two women who would be debarred, were one of them a male, from marrying each other;  [3]   An Overview of Concept of Marriage in Muslim Law Islam, unlike other religions is a strong advocate of marriage. There is no place of celibacy in Islam like the Roman Catholic priests nuns. The Prophet has said There is no Celibacy in Islam. Marriage acts as an outlet for sexual needs regulates it so one doesnt become slave to his/her desires. It is a social need because through marriage, families are established and the families are the fundamental entity of our society. Furthermore marriage is the only legitimate or halal way to indulge in intimacy between a man and woman. Islamic marriage although permits polygamy but it completely prohibits polyandry. Polygamy though permitted was guarded by several conditions by Prophet but these conditions are not obeyed by the Muslims in toto. Marriage:-Pre Islamic Position Before the birth of Islam there were several traditions in Arab. These traditions were having several unethical processes like:- (i) Buying of girl from parents by paying a sum of money. (ii) Temporary marriages. (iii) Marriage with two real sisters simultaneously. (iv) Freeness of giving up and again accepting women. These unethical traditions of the society needed to be abolished; Islam did it and brought a drastic change in the concept of marriage. Marriage Defined It is quiet relevant to know whether the Muslim marriage is a sacrament like the Hindu marriage, for this let us get acquainted with some of the definitions of Muslim marriage. (a)  Hedaya  [4]  : Marriage is a legal process by which the several process and procreation and legitimation of children between man and women is perfectly lawful and valid. (b)  Bailies Digest  [5]  :- A Nikah in Arabic means Union of the series and carries a civil contract for the purposes of legalizing sexual intercourse and legitimate procreation of children. (c)  Ameer Ali  Ã‚  [6]  :- Marriage is an organization for the protection of the society. This is made to protect the society from foulness and unchestity. (d)  Abdur Rahim  [7]  :- The Mahomedan priests regard the institution of marriage as par taking both the nature of Ibadat or devotional arts and Muamlat or dealings among men. (e)  Mahmood J.  [8]  :- Marriage according to the Mahomedan law is not a sacrament but a civil contract. (f) Under Section 2 of Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 Marriage or Nikah among Muslims is a Solemn Pact or Mithaq-e-ghalid between a man a woman soliciting each others life companionship, which in law takes the form of a contract or aqd. Its a matter of query still existing whether Muslim marriage is only a civil contract or an Ibadat Muamlat. While unleashing the various definitions its quite a big problem to say which one is the most appropriate, in my opinion although the essentials of a contract is fulfilled yet marriage can never be said to be a contract because marriage always creates a bondage between the emotions and thinking of two person. .J Sarsah Sulaiman  [9]  has said In Islam , marriage is not only a civil contract but also a sacrament. Muslim marriage can also be differentiated from a civil contract on the basis of following points:- (a) It cannot be done on the basis of future happenings unlike the contingent contracts. (b) Unlike the civil contract it cannot be done for a fixed period of time. (Muta Marriage being an exception.) Purpose of Marriage The word Zawj is used in the Quran to mean a pair or a mate. The general purpose of marriage is that the sexes can provide company to one another, procreate legitimate children live in peace tranquility to the commandments of Allah. Marriage serves as a mean to emotional sexual gratification and as a mean of tension reduction. Marriage compulsory or not ? According to Imams Abu Hanifa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal Malik ibn Anas, marriage in Islam is recommendatory, however in certain individuals it becomes Wajib or obligatory. Imam Shafi considers it to Nafl or Mubah (preferable). The general opinion is that if a person , male or female fears that if he/she does not marry they will commit fornication, then marriage becomes Wajib. However, one should not marry if he does not possess the means to maintain a wife and future family or if he has no sex drive or if dislikes children, or if he feels marriage will seriously affect his religious obligations. Prophet said:- When a man marries he has fulfilled half of his religion, so let him fear Allah regarding the remaining half. This very wording of Prophet marks the importance of marriage, thus it could be well concluded that marriage in Islam is must. Capacity for Marriage The general essentials for marriage under Islam are as follows:- (i) Every Mahomedan of sound mind and having attained puberty can marry. Where there is no proof or evidence of puberty the age of puberty is fifteen years. (ii) A minor and insane (lunatic) who have not attained puberty can be validly contracted in marriage by their respective guardians. (iii) Consent of party is must. A marriage of a Mahomedan who is of sound mind and has attained puberty, is void, if there is no consent. Requirements of Muslim Nikah The solemnization of a Muslim marriage requires adherence to certain forms and formulas. They are called the essentials of a valid marriage. If any of these requirements is not fulfilled the marriage becomes either void or irregular, as the case may be. The essentials are as follows: Proposal and Acceptance Competent Parties No legal Disability Absolute Prohibition There is absolute prohibition of marriage in case or relationship of consanguinity which means the relationship of the person through his/her father or mother on the ascending side, or through his or her own on the descending side. Marriage among the persons related by affinity, ie, through the wife is not permitted. Marriage with foster mother and other related through such foster mother is also void. Relative Prohibitions : Unlawful conjunction Marrying a fifth wife Marrying a woman undergoing iddat Marrying non-Muslim Absence of proper witnesses Woman contracting a second marriage during the subsistence of the first marriage. The following marriages are also prohibited: Marrying pregnant women Marrying own divorced wife Marrying during pilgrimage Essentials of Marriage The essentials of a valid marriage are as follows:- (i) There should be a proposal made by or on behalf of one of the parties to the marriage, and an acceptance of the proposal by or on behalf of the other party. (ii) The proposal and acceptance must both be expressed at once meeting. (iii) The parties must be competent. (iv) There must be two male or one male two female witnesses, who must be sane and adult Mahomedan present hearing during the marriage proposal and acceptance. (Not needed in Shia Law) (v) Neither writing nor any religious ceremony is needed. Essentials Explored (i) A Muslim marriage requires proposal Ijab from one party and acceptance Qubul from the other side. This must be done in one sitting. (ii) The acceptance must be corresponding to what is being offered. (iii) The marriage must be effectively immediate. If the Wali says I will marry her to you after two months, there is no marriage. (iv) The two parties must be legally competent; i.e. they must be sane and adult. (v) The women must not be from the forbidden class. (vi) The consent given must be free consent,. It must not be an outcome of compulsion, duess, coercion or undue influence. Kinds of Marriage Under Muslim generally two types of marriage is recognized   (i) Regular Marriage (essentials discussed earlier) (ii) Muta marriage Muta Marriage: Muta marriage is a temporary marriage. Muta marriage is recognized in Shia only. Sunni law doesnt recognize it. (Baillie, 18). A Shia of the male sex may contract a Muta marriage with a woman professing the Mahomedan, Christian or Jewish religion, or even with a woman who is a fire worshipper but not with any woman following any other religion. But a Shia woman cannot contract a Muta marriage with a non muslim. The essentials of Muta marriage are:- (1) The period of cohabitation should be fixed. (2) Dower should be fixed. (3) If dower specified, term not specified, it could amount to permanent or regular marriage. (4) If term fixed dower not specified, it amounts to void marriage. Aspects of Marriage (i) Valid or Sahih (ii) Irregular or Fasid (iii) Void or Batil (i) Valid or Sahih Marriage: -  Under the Muslim law, a valid marriage is that which has been constituted in accordance with the essential conditioned prescribed earlier. It confers upon the wife; the right of dower, maintenance and residence, imposes on her obligation to be faithful and obedient to her husband, admit sexual intercourse with him observe Iddat. (ii) Irregular or Fasid Marriage:   Those marriages which are outcome of failures on part of parties in non fulfillment of prerequisites but then also are marriages; to be terminated by one of he party is termed to be Irregular marriages. They are outcome of- (a) A marriage without witness (Not under Shia Law) (b) Marriage with fifth wife. (c) Marriage with a women undergoing Iddat. (d) Marriage with a fire-worshipper. (e) Marriage outcome of bar of unlawful conjunction. An irregular marriage has no legal effect before consummation but when consummated give rise to several rights obligations. (iii) Void or Batil Marriage:- A marriage which is unlawful from its beginning. It does not create any civil rights or obligations between the parties. The offspring of a void marriage is illegitimate. They are outcome of- (a) Marriage through forced consent. (b) Plurality of husband. (c) Marriage prohibited on the ground of consanguinity. (d) Marriage prohibited on the ground of affinity. (e) Marriage prohibited on the ground of fosterage. Effect of Marriage (Sahih) The lawful obligations which arise after marriage are as follows- (i) Mutual intercourse legalized and the children so born are legitimate. (ii) The wife gets power to get Mahr (iii) The wife entitles to get maintenance. (iv) The husband gets right to guide and prohibit the wifes movement(for valid reasons only) (v) Right of succession develops. (vi) Prohibition of marriage due to affinity. (vii) Women bound to complete Iddat period not to marry during Iddat period; after divorce or death of husband. The ob ligations and rights set between the two parties during and after the marriage are to be enforced till legality. On the basis of a marriage husband and wife do not get the right on one anothers property. THE MARRIAGE CEREMONY: 1. Engagement or Mangni: Does not qualify the future spouses to go out together, even if the parents consent. Man and woman become permissible for each other only after the performance of Nikah. 2. Dowry: The unislamic system of demanding and accepting dowry must be avoided at all costs. Shariah does not make any expense incumbent on the bride/brides parents. Even the marriage expenses, it is recommended to be borne by the bridegroom. However, the bride can bring whatever she wants of her free will, and it will always belong to her. 3. Other Unislamic Customs: Many other unislamic customs have crept into the marriage ceremony of some Muslims. These customs are either borrowed from non-Muslim cultures or continue because they are established in past generations. One must avoid them if they are against the Shariah, even if some people are displeased. Other customs like the breaking of coconut etc. also do not feature among the Islamic rituals. All actions, customs etc., which show disrespect to Islam or weaken the importance of Islam, have to be avoided. 4. Haraam Acts: Some of the rituals in marriage ceremonies are absolutely Haraam like the playing of music. It is also Haraam for ladies to go for mixed gatherings without proper Hijab. Such things invite divine wrath and take away the blessings of this auspicious occasion. In the Islamic Law, marriage is an Aqd, a contract. The components of this contract are as follows: A. Proposal: In Islam the process of proposal by a man to a woman for her hand in marriage, or for that matter, to her family, is encouraged. Islam considers this natural, and recommends it as an act of respectability and dignity for women. B. Mahr: And the intending husband is asked to offer a Mahr to the bride. Holy Quran says, And give women their Mahr as a free gift, but if they of themselves be pleased to give up to you a portion of it, then eat it with enjoyment and with wholesome result. (Surah Nisa 4:4) The following points are worthy of consideration: a) Mahr must be agreed upon by the marrying partners themselves, not by parents. b) Mahr is her right, to which her husband remains indebted. c) It is a free gift and not her price. The Mahr may be cash, kind or non-material (like training or teaching something). It can be paid up front or can be in form of promise to pay upon demands decided prior to the solemnization of marriage. Moajjal (immediate), Muwajjal and Indat-talab (on demand). However, it is much recommended to pay it before or at the time of Nikah itself. C. The Nikah Ceremony: According to Shariah, the wife-to-be says, An Kahtu nafsaka alal mahril maloom. (I have given away myself in Nikah to you, on the agreed Mahr.).Immediately, the man (bridegroom) says, Qabiltun Nikaha. (I have accepted the Nikah.).With these pronouncements, they become husband and wife. If the marrying partners are not able to recite the formula in Arabic, one or two persons or priests are appointed and authorized to officiate. One who represents the bride would first seek her explicit consent to officiate on her behalf, and so would the other who acts on behalf of the groom. Naturally, there would be a slight variation in the pronouncements, because the persons reciting them are appointees. A person who represents the bride would initiate by saying, Ankahtu muwakkilati muwakkilaka alal mahril maloom. (I give away in Nikah the woman who has thus appointed and authorized me, to the man who has authorized you, on an agreed Mahr.) The grooms representative would respond, Qabiltunnikaaha limuwakkili alal mahril maloom. (I accept the Nikah on behalf of the one who has appointed me, on the agreed Mahr.) It is mustahab to recite a brief discourse or Khutba before the Nikah formula is enunciated. In this Khutba, Allah is praised for His Wisdom in regulating the lawful process of procreation, and then the traditions from Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) are also recited. D. Time of Marriage Ceremony: Though basically marriage is allowed at all times, there are some days on which marriage is not recommended; some of these are based on ahadith and some on cultural, historical reasons.Generally, we can categorize these days into three: (a) There are some ahadith which say that it is makruh (not recommended) to have a marriage ceremony on the days when the moon is in the constellation of Scorpio (this is known as al-qamar fil aqrab or qamar dar aqrab), during the last two or three days of the lunar months, and on Wednesdays. (b) There are certain days of the Islamic calendar, which have become associated with the early events of the Islamic history; for example, the 10th of Muharram is the day of mourning for the massacre at Karbala or the day of Holy Prophet Muhammads (s.a.w.) death in Safar, etc. Since such days are commemorated by the Muslims as days of mourning, it is socially and, to some extent, religiously not recommended to have a marriage ceremo ny on such days. Shia Ithna Ashari (Twelver Shias), especially in India and Pakistan, rarely perform marriage ceremony between the 1st of Muharram and the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal as this period includes the mourning days of Muharram culminating in the martyrdom of Imam Askari (a.s.). The 9th Rabi al-Awwal is celebrated as Eid-e-Zahra..If there is a need, however, Nikah, can be performed at any time. E. Permission of the Bride-to-be/Father: The girls consent is necessary and has to be taken by her representative, directly. In case of a virgin/spinster the fathers or the grandfathers permission is also necessary. However if the permission is unreasonably withheld under some conditions or the girl has no father/paternal grandfather it is not necessary. However, a woman who is not a virgin, does not require any permission in case of remarriage. Conclusion Marriage is a religious duty of every Muslim and it is considered to be a moral safeguard and a social need. The Prophet has also said Marriage is my tradition whosoever keeps away there from is not from amongst me. Holy Quran says: And marry those among you who are single and those who are fit among your male slaves and your female slaves; if they are needy, Allah will make them free from want out of His grace; and Allah is Ample-giving, Knowing. (Surah Nur 24:32).The above ayat begins with the words Wa Ankehoo (And marry ) The imperative form of the word nikah implies that either it is obligatory or highly recommended. According to scholars, though marriage is a highly recommended act, it becomes obligatory when there is a chance of falling into sin.Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) says, No house has been built in Islam more beloved in the sight of Allah than through marriage. On another occasion Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) said: The best people of my nation (Ummat) are those who get married and have chosen their wives, and the worst people of my nation are those who have kept away from marriage and are passing their lives as bachelors.Imam Ali (a.s.) exhorts, Marry, because marriage is the tradition of Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.). Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) also said, Whosoever likes to follow my tradition, then he should know that marriage is from my tradition. Unlike Hindu where the marriage is a sacrament, marriages in Muslims have a nature of civil contract. Marriage is necessary for the legitimization of a child. When the marriage is done in accordance to the prescribed norms it creates various rights and obligations on both the parties.

Courageouse Fear and what it takes to be courageous :: essays research papers

. Courageous Fear And What It Means To Be A Courageous Soldier Many soldiers of today know what courage is. Courage is doing what is needed to do, not what absolutely must be done. In Tim O’Brien’s â€Å"The Things They Carried†, the soldiers were not what one would think of as courageous. The soldiers were courageous in the sense that their courage came from fear of dishonor. The soldiers did what must be done in order to keep their honorable reputation. True courage was not present until the end of the story. *Courage in the context of combat in this story was not real courage; it was merely going through the motions of being in war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"So, soldiers dream; they pretend and deny in order to diminish the horror. Precisely because it captures that human reality in the midst of war and unbelievable horror, O’Brien claims that â€Å"Cacciato is the most realistic thing I’ve written...† (Tim O’Brien and the Art of the True War Story: â€Å"Night March† and â€Å"Speaking of Courage†)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The fear of being in the war caused them to have mistaken courage. The objects they carry give the soldiers a sense of courage and luck in having these things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Truly, the men recognize the delusional nature of their fantasy, for they knew that† they would never be at a loss for things to carry.† The implication that they will be carrying their experiences once they return also appears here, in the narrator’s evocation of â€Å"the great American war chest,†which includes Fourth of July Sparklers, Easter eggs, and the forests of Minnesota. â€Å" (The Things They Carried, Criticism about Tim O’Brien)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *What it means to be a courageous soldier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It’s such a complicated subject, it’s hard to know what to say. It’s easy to break down courage into categories.

Identity and Language

Belongingness is not just a simple word to imply being in a crowd or with the crowd, instead it also tackles that the individual fit in and feel right with the people, the environment and the situation he is in. A person, as a social being, naturally would want to create bond and belong to a certain group or society. Yet, there is also a deep emphasis that is connected with the expression of oneself or identity. Identity refers to a person’s background generally. It is not simply limited to one’s name, social status and age but it also includes ethnicity, capabilities and attainments.To express identity is to stress on the difference between the person and the group where he belongs. Thus, belongingness and identity somehow shares a paradoxical relationship as indicated by Rodriguez in his essay ‘Public and Private Language’ (1982). Rodriguez tries presents his experience being a bilingual in the American Society. Rodriguez discusses the difference between the private and the public spheres focusing on the role of language to produce an identity, which promotes public access to university, jobs and society.In Rodriguez work, he undermines the importance of having a private individuality, which is designated by the use of native language at home. Since private language is something that the whole family understands and a way by which the entire family express, it becomes the family individuality. To this end, it creates a wall around the person that blocks the way to understand and appreciate the words and sounds he hear in school, on the streets and even in the television. It somehow deprived the individual an access to the public sphere, which results to ignorance of the society.Being able to speak a public language enables the person to communicate his thoughts to another person. It gives the person the power to express himself more effectively and interact with the whole society. To this end, it is a disadvantage if a person will c onfine himself within the private language inside the family. As Rodriguez noted, the lack of the capability to express one-self and to assert one’s thought in the public language makes a person shy, silent and scared to be laugh at or be considered as a fool.It therefore takes away some access to public societies such as making friends, engaging in civic groups. Every word utter by the person in private language is considered as an indiscernible codes for those who find the language as a foreign language. Often times, this results to stereotypes and marginalized view placed by the society. If one will not be able to set up a public individuality, chances are that the public would give the person a public identity instead. Meaning, a person is not forced to recognize a public identity yet using private language delineate him from participating in the public sphere.This gives the public a change to marginalize the person along with those people with the same ethnic background. Therefore, a language can affect or even shape a person’s identity. Take for example what Rodriguez pointed out when he tries to emphasize how the teachers try their best to get him to speak in the class. Having different private and public languages keep the person away from other people. Since he could not fully understand what people around him speak about, he could not make friends. He develops fear or inferiority when speaking with other people.Although he has a positive private identity at home, his relationship with the people in the English-speaking world is known to demonstrate public isolation. He could not feel a sense of belongingness from the outside of his family’s home. A great gap undermines societal productivity and involvement exists. Rodriguez further emphasized that the private language used at home is designed to express personal thoughts and opinion while the public language is a way to make other people know how you understand things.In school o r the university, the public language serves as a standard to which discussions and information are conveyed. It makes a child ‘socially disadvantage’, as illustrated by Rodriguez, if he cannot communicate his thoughts well in school. A public silence engulfs the child making him feel ‘alien’ in the public world. The child will not be able to answer the questions in class. He would not be able to chat with other people. On the other hand, being able to speak the public language would yield to beneficial results.It can improve the social interaction of the child with other kids. Moreover, it helps the child to understand the lessons more coherently. It might as well improve the child’s self-confidence. Since language affects a person’s identity, it is crucial in gaining access not only to universities but to a job and social status as well. Since the United States is considered as a melting pot, then it is inevitable that a certain universal la nguage must be set in the society and the work place to help one culture communicate with another.Despite the fact that personal and private identities served their importance in individualism, it cannot create understanding between two people speaking different language. Thus, it is important for people to posses a public identity which will transcend the ethnical and/or cultural diversity in the society. Rodriguez also elaborated how the ‘sounds and the words becomes tightly wedded’ as he successfully immerse to the English (public) language. Nonetheless, he also recognized the fact that being educated with the public language negatively affects the private identity that the family formerly holds.Changes occur as the use of another language is being learned and the private language is kept in silence. On one hand, there seems to be a door, which opens to the public world. It is as if fences are cut down, to help the family look over, and enjoy the society. Therefore, the family becomes a part of the society and not anymore in the private sphere. On the other hand, the family becomes more absorbed in the society that they do not express themselves in the same way. There are also changes in the way that family members see the other members as apart of their family and of the society.Indeed, despite all the benefits of engaging in the public language, there are still some pitfalls. The fact that the parents are not being able to adjust as fast and as well as their children in using the public language creates a fissure in the relationship inside the family. The dominant language marginalized or excludes the ethnic or foreign speakers at the time that the merge between different cultures starts. Certain groups might feel that they are not given enough opportunity and a language barrier might stem into different misunderstandings (in the public sphere such as university and work place).The marginalized groups might feel oppressed and even more; they might want to have the opportunity to express themselves in their native tongue. With this in mind, they could either seclude themselves from the public or learn to speak the public language. Becoming bilingual indeed lessen the individuality of the person’s private association. Nonetheless, it also empowers the person’s public identity. As stated above, the United States is supposedly a melting pot. That is, assimilation of different cultures are greatly promoted or at least emphasized.For assimilation to occur, a public language must be used especially when dealing with public matters. Private languages obstruct the absorption of culture and limit the person’s ability to communicate in the public. I agree with Rodriguez when he emphasized the importance of public language. It is indeed a tool that a person can use to communicate and create a public life. Indeed, it is something that determines a person’s access to various public institutions. Nonetheles s, I disagree with how Rodriguez evaluates the importance of the private identity.It seems, as though, Rodriguez does not see its importance in the person’s cultural identity. Becoming too much submerged in the process of assimilation, a person might as well loss his/her personal culture. Thus, if a person would grow up and adapts the public culture, most specifically language, he moves away from his own cultural identity. At the end, there will only be a dominant public culture and the assimilation and the presence of other culture would not be anymore visible.The cultural identity of a group would diminish especially if children will not be able to be educated with the private language, identity and culture. The child would see himself as an American rather than a Spanish American. It takes him away from his origin/s deluding his history with that of the American history. It replaces his language as well as his identity as a whole. There is also the issue, as discussed by R odriguez, of broken communication at home. Since parents are not as well adept with the English language, communication becomes a problem. Works Cited: Rodriguez, R. Public and Private Language. (1982).

Internal Assessment

The Social Effects of Absentee Fathers on Boys in Inner-city Communities â€Å"Fatherliness Is an albatross around the neck of this nation, welling us down and choking development†, is a statement Martin Henry, a national journalist, salutes in his article on May 26, 2013 in the Jamaica Gleaner. Inner city communities are plagued with single-parent families and oftentimes it is the father which is absent. Mothers can do much and no more and boys who come from these broken homes oftentimes become a product of their society and a pattern develops.The issue of absentee fathers has become a social problem In the development of the family (the first Institution of colonization). The community, specifically the Inner-clues, and the society in general. Whether we believe it or not, fathers bring something unique to the family and for this reason, an irreplaceable connection and contribution is made to the life of a child. These contributions can never be replaced by any program of an y kind. The absence off father can cause a child to suffer emotionally and socially.Psychology has taught that issues such as this are correlation: a allegations may exist. According to Jennifer Flood's article,† A review of literature relevant to delinquency and adolescent behavioral and academic success revealed that there may be correlation between a male role model and the teaching of self- control and socially appropriate behaviors†. Koru, a renowned psychologist sums this up in just one sentence,† Fatherliness is a driver for delinquency and crime†.In situations where there is no male figure to look up to or aspire to be like, boys turn to media personalities Like rappers, artistes and sport personae, ones who have animal background and upbringing as they do. However, these figures are not necessarily positive role models as they display signs of arrogance and resentment towards authority. Furthermore, they do not see this as socially unacceptable becau se they aspire to be like them and so whatever that person does is seen as ‘right' in their eyes. They acclimatize to that kind of behavior and carry them out in their daily activities. Aid a mi daddy† and â€Å"Mi a Spartan Devil† are common phrases used by the fatherless boys In the community of Granville, SST. James. This affects how hey relate to one another, elders and society on a whole. A statistical analysis shows that fatherless children who normally possess this kind of mindset are 20 times more likely to end up in prison; 20 times more likely to have behavioral disorders; 14 times more likely to commit rape; 9 times more likely to drop out of high school; 10 times more likely to abuse drugs and the list goes on.What glorious future for our boys! This natural disaster sweeping away our country continues as boys with absentee fathers suffer from lack of affection and support because there Is no male Geiger to love and support them, specifically when It co mes on to those physical activities such as: sports and manual labor. They pretend as though this doesn't affect them as it demeans their manhood to show their true feelings.They use different mediums to bring out the anger they feel inside which may, unfortunately, resort to a life of crime and violence. Mothers of these children have to now face the reality that they have now become a menace to society. This lack of affection can also no idea of how to express and show love and so find it difficult to commit to a allegations. They have children outside marriage or any stable relationship, hence, continuing the tradition and the cycle of being an absentee father.Edward Koru, writing about father absence, father deficit and father hunger in Psychology Today underlines the behavioral problems,† Fatherless children have more difficulties with social adjustments, and are more likely to report problems with friendships, and manifest behavior problems; many develop a swaggering, in timidating persona in an attempt to disguise their underlying fears, resentments, anxieties and unhappiness. Gangs and violence and the adoration of the gun as power spring out of this condition. The litany of disaster now becomes a norm which affects us all as citizens of this country. The absence of a father in the family places a heavy weight on the mother of this child. His basic needs may not be met because a mother in those type of communities normally don't possess a high income Job which earns enough money to supply the needs of the child and so the child grows up into a teenager with the mindset meek a living and will do anything to be successful at this. This springs over to boys being more likely to experience unemployment, having low salary Jobs and even experience homelessness.I strongly believe that we are confronted with a major social disaster. The decline of fatherhood is a major force behind many of our biggest problems: low educational performance, crime, violence , poor social relations and weak economic performance. Clearly, the only way to fix this problem is to solve this issue of fatherliness in our homes.

Free Essays on Florence Nightingale

Abstract Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. Florence Nightingale’s two greatest life achievements are the pioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitals. These two contributions were so powerful considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers. Nightingale’s father, William Nightingale, believed in women’s education. It was also his interest that his children be very educated. Nightingale’s education is the fundamental foundation for her excellence in nursing. Nightingale began doing charity work in hospitals until she was recruited by the Secretary of War, Sidney Herbert for service during the Crimean War (O’Conner, 2003). This began nightingales journey into becoming one of the most remembered, loved, and devoted nurses of all time. Florence Nightingale: The purpose of this paper is to give a clear description of the contributions Florence Nightingale has had on the nursing world as we know it today. Florence Nightingale lived in the Victorian era around 1820 to 1910. Many things went on during this time period such as the Industrial Revolution and the Crimean War. Women had little or no rights during this era. They were not allowed to vote, not allowed to own land, and certainly not suppose to be educated. A â€Å"germ† was not even noted until around 1928. Amongst all of these times a legend to medicine and care began. Florence Nightingale would be a name that would ring in nurse’s ears for years and years to come. Florence Nightingale’s father kept both of his daughters well educated. This was something not seen amongst most women in this era. He concentrated on the classics, Aristotle, the Bible, and political matters. However, Nightingale had a passion for math. Her mother would not let her stu dy this subject because it was not appropriate for a wo... Free Essays on Florence Nightingale Free Essays on Florence Nightingale Abstract Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. Florence Nightingale’s two greatest life achievements are the pioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitals. These two contributions were so powerful considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers. Nightingale’s father, William Nightingale, believed in women’s education. It was also his interest that his children be very educated. Nightingale’s education is the fundamental foundation for her excellence in nursing. Nightingale began doing charity work in hospitals until she was recruited by the Secretary of War, Sidney Herbert for service during the Crimean War (O’Conner, 2003). This began nightingales journey into becoming one of the most remembered, loved, and devoted nurses of all time. Florence Nightingale: The purpose of this paper is to give a clear description of the contributions Florence Nightingale has had on the nursing world as we know it today. Florence Nightingale lived in the Victorian era around 1820 to 1910. Many things went on during this time period such as the Industrial Revolution and the Crimean War. Women had little or no rights during this era. They were not allowed to vote, not allowed to own land, and certainly not suppose to be educated. A â€Å"germ† was not even noted until around 1928. Amongst all of these times a legend to medicine and care began. Florence Nightingale would be a name that would ring in nurse’s ears for years and years to come. Florence Nightingale’s father kept both of his daughters well educated. This was something not seen amongst most women in this era. He concentrated on the classics, Aristotle, the Bible, and political matters. However, Nightingale had a passion for math. Her mother would not let her stu dy this subject because it was not appropriate for a wo...

Using Miscue Analysis to Diagnose Reading Difficulties

Using Miscue Analysis to Diagnose Reading Difficulties Miscue analysis is a means to use a running record for diagnosis to identify students specific difficulties. Not only is the running record a way to identify reading rate and reading accuracy, but it also is a way to assess reading behaviors and identify reading behaviors that need support. A miscue analysis is a great way to get some authentic information about a students reading skills, and a means to identify specific weaknesses. Many screening tools will give you a down and dirty estimate of a childs reading proficiency but provide little useful information for designing appropriate interventions. The Miscues to Look for During a Miscue Analysis CorrectionA common sign of a competent reader, a correction is a miscue that the student corrects in order to make sense of the word in the sentence.   InsertionAn insertion is a word(s) added by the child that is not in the text. OmissionDuring oral reading, the student omits a word that changes the meaning of the sentence. RepetitionThe student repeats a word or portion of the text. ReversalA child will reverse the order of the print or the word. (from instead of form, etc.) SubstitutionInstead of reading the word in the text, a child substitutes a word that may or may not make sense in the passage. What Do the Miscues Tell You? CorrectionThis is good!  We want readers to self-correct. However, is the reader reading too fast? Is the reader miscorrecting accurate reading? If so, the reader often doesnt see himself as a good reader. InsertionDoes the inserted word detract from meaning? If not, it may just mean the reader is making sense but also inserts. The reader may also be reading too fast. If the insertion is something like using finished for finish, this should be addressed. OmissionWhen words are omitted, it may mean weaker visual tracking. Determine if the meaning of the passage is affected or not. If not, omissions can also be the result of not focusing or reading too fast. It may also mean the sight vocabulary is weaker. RepetitionLots of repetition may indicate that the text is too difficult. Sometimes readers repeat when theyre uncertain and will repeat the word(s) to keep the words coming as they regroup.   ReversalWatch for altered meaning. Many reversals happen with young readers with high-frequency words.  It may also indicate that the student has difficulty with scanning the text, left to right. SubstitutionsSometimes a child will use a substitution because they dont understand the word being read. Does the substitution make sense in the passage, is it a logical substitution?  If the substitution does not change the meaning, it is often enough to help the child focus on accuracy, because he/she is reading from meaning, the most important skill.   Creating the Miscue Instrument It is often helpful to have the text copied so you can make notes directly on the text.  A double-spaced copy can be helpful. Create a key for each miscue, and be sure to write the substitution or pre-correction above the word that was miscued so you can identify the pattern later.   Reading A-Z provides assessments with the first books at each reading level that provide both the text (for notes) and columns of each of the miscue types.   Performing a Miscue Analysis Miscue analysis is an important diagnostic tool that should be done every 6 to 8 weeks to give a sense if reading interventions are addressing the students needs.  Making sense of the miscues will help you with the next steps to improve the childs reading. It is worthwhile to have a few questions prepared that let you know about the childs comprehension of the passage read as miscue analysis tends to rely on advising you of the strategies used. Miscue analysis may seem time-consuming initially, however, the more you do, the easier the process gets. Use unfamiliar text, not something the child knows from memory.A miscue analysis will be inaccurate when administered to an emerging reader, but the information may still be of value.Give the student some choice in the reading selection.You will need a quiet place without interruptions, it can be very handy to record the child which provides you with an opportunity to listen to the passage more than once.Photocopy the selection the student will read, use this to record the miscues.Record each miscue. (Use hyphens for skipped words, record each substitution (ie, went for when), use for insertion and record the word(s), circle omitted words, underline repeated words, you may also want to use // for repeated words.

Istanbul, Turkey

A Brief History of Constantinople/Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey and is among the 15 largest urban areas in the world. It is located on the Bosporus Strait and covers the entire area of the Golden Horn, a natural harbor. Because of its size, Istanbul extends into both Europe and Asia. The city is the world’s only metropolis to be on more than one continent. The city of Istanbul is important to geography because it has a long history that spans the rise and fall of the worlds most famous empires. Due to its participation in these empires, Istanbul has also undergone various name changes. Byzantium Though Istanbul may have been inhabited as early as 3000 BCE, it was not a city until Greek colonists arrived in the area in the seventh century BCE. These colonists were led by King Byzas and settled there because of the strategic location along the Bosporus Strait. King Byzas named the city Byzantium after himself. The Roman Empire (330–395) Byzantium became a part of the Roman Empire in the 300s. During this time, the Roman emperor, Constantine the Great, undertook the rebuilding of the entire city. His goal was to make it stand out and give the city monuments similar to those found in Rome. In 330, Constantine declared the city as the capital of the entire Roman Empire and renamed it Constantinople. It grew and prospered as a result. The Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453) After the death of the emperor Theodosius I in 395, however, enormous upheaval took place in the empire as his sons permanently divided it. Following the division, Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire in the 400s. As part of the Byzantine Empire, the city became distinctly Greek, as opposed to its former identity in the Roman Empire. Because Constantinople was at the center of two continents, it became a center of commerce, culture, and diplomacy and grew considerably. In 532, though, the antigovernment Nika Revolt broke out among the city’s population and destroyed it. Afterward, many of its most outstanding monuments, one of which was the Hagia Sophia, were constructed during the citys rebuilding, and Constantinople became the center of the Greek Orthodox Church. The Latin Empire (1204–1261) Although Constantinople significantly prospered during decades following its becoming a part of the Byzantine Empire, the factors leading to its success also made it a target for conquering. For hundreds of years, troops from all over the Middle East attacked the city. For a time it was even controlled by members of the Fourth Crusade after the city was desecrated in 1204. Subsequently, Constantinople became the center of the Catholic Latin Empire. As competition persisted between the Catholic Latin Empire and the Greek Orthodox Byzantine Empire, Constantinople was caught in the middle and began to significantly decay. It went financially bankrupt, the population declined, and it became vulnerable to further attacks as defense posts around the city crumbled. In 1261, in the midst of this turmoil, the Empire of Nicaea recaptured Constantinople, and it was returned to the Byzantine Empire. Around the same time, the Ottoman Turks began conquering the cities surrounding Constantinople, effectively cutting it off from many of its neighboring cities. The Ottoman Empire (1453–1922) After being considerably weakened, Constantinople was officially conquered by the Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II on May 29, 1453, after a 53-day siege. During the siege, the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI, died while defending his city. Almost immediately, Constantinople was declared to be the capital of the Ottoman Empire and its name was changed to Istanbul. Upon taking control of the city, Sultan Mehmed sought to rejuvenate Istanbul. He created the Grand Bazaar (one of the largest covered marketplaces in the world) and brought back fleeing Catholic and Greek Orthodox residents. In addition to these residents, he brought in Muslim, Christian, and Jewish families to establish a mixed populace. Sultan Mehmed also began the building of architectural monuments, schools, hospitals, public baths, and grand imperial mosques. From 1520 to 1566, Suleiman the Magnificent controlled the Ottoman Empire, and there were many artistic and architectural achievements that made the city a major cultural, political, and commercial center. By the mid-1500s, its population had grown to almost 1 million inhabitants. The Ottoman Empire ruled Istanbul until it was defeated and occupied by the Allies in World War I. The Republic of Turkey (1923–Present) Following World War I, the Turkish War of Independence took place, and Istanbul became a part of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Istanbul was not the capital city of the new republic, and during the early years of its formation, Istanbul was overlooked; investment went into the new, centrally located capital, Ankara. In the 1940s and 1950s, though, Istanbul reemerged. New public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed- and many of the city’s historic buildings were demolished. In the 1970s, Istanbul’s population rapidly increased, causing the city to expand into the nearby villages and forests, eventually creating a major world metropolis. Istanbul Today Istanbuls many historical areas were added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1985. In addition, because of its status as a world rising power, its history, and its importance to culture in both Europe and the world, Istanbul was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2010 by the European Union.

Personal Philosophy of Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Philosophy of Teaching - Essay Example Such learner-centred approach is based on active and reflective learning which is also founded on the learner’s motivation to learn. This type of learning however, needs the participation and assistance of clinician-educators working with the learners as facilitators. This paper shall discuss my personal philosophy of teaching psychiatry to junior doctors in the psychiatric work place. It will also demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the principles underpinning the structure of learning and supervision in the medical workplace. This essay will also articulate and justify my personal philosophy of teaching and identify potential future needs and opportunities for engagement with continuing professional development. Body In teaching psychiatry to junior doctors, I applied the student-centred approach, more specifically, the case-based learning approach. Case-based learning is a valuable tool in medicine because it involves the application of theories and skills which are eventually meant to secure important tools for the learner (Kolodner, Hmelo, and Narayanan, 2003). Case-based learning is founded on the principle of clinical cognition which, in general, seeks to assess cases and establish applicable processes for their resolution (Elstein and Schwarz, 2002). John Dewey describes the theory of clinical cognition by explaining that experiences are often critical elements which impact on the overall quality of learning and that teachers have a responsibility to ensure optimal experiences in its applications (Kassirer, 2010). In effect, he further posits that teaching experiences â€Å"should arouse curiosity, enhance personal initiative, and allow free expression of learners’ ideas† (Kassirer, 2010, p. 1118). The knowledge which a student has learned through experience in any situation therefore becomes the tool in understanding and managing other situations which may follow. I used this case-based learning because through this method, I was able to guide the junior doctors into establishing a vivid picture of their patient, to have a more tactile experience of the patient’s case, and to enable comparisons of abnormal and normal psychiatric processes. A discussion by Halbreich (1994) established that part of the processes involved in teaching psychiatry to general practitioners is based on the establishment of a curriculum which is built on the needs of the GPs. The case-based and the problem-based techniques help designate the personal skills which need to be evaluated, the knowledge of symptoms, the differential diagnosis, as well as the management tools which they can apply (Halbreich, 1994). In effect, the learning process founded on the case-based approach involves the process of teaching GPs about the essential symptoms involving psychiatric affectations (Coderre, et.al., 2003). As the learners would have a more personal evaluation of various patient cases, they are also able to establish appropriate management interventions for these cases. I found that the process of teaching junior doctors about the medical management of psychosis in wards can be adequately carried out with the application of the case-based learning. Policy and practice protocols in medical management among psychiatric patients, involves the usual elements including, history-taking, reasons for consult, prioritisation of patient needs, assessment, identification of need for specialist consult, health plan/interventions (Bowen, 2006). Case-based

Why auditor must to be objective and independent Essay

Why auditor must to be objective and independent - Essay Example In order to successfully carryout this feat, it can be seen that independent auditors play a significant role in the functioning of global capital markets. As such, this paper has been designed to evaluate the main reasons why auditors must be independent and objective in their operations. The main part of the paper will focus on why focus in terms of auditing financial statements of different companies is put on aspects such as objectivity as well as independence of the auditors who carry out different tasks related to financial reporting in the company. According to Kueppers & Sullivan (2010), the audit profession plays a very significant role in the functioning of the global capital markets and it also adds value to various roles played by different stakeholders in financial reporting in an organization. However, the effectiveness of an audit is reflected by the absence of failure of business or fraud after it has been completed. This can be achieved if an independent auditor is h ired to perform such a task in the organization. Ussahawanitchakit (2012, p.1) posits to the effect that during the recent years, â€Å"auditors have become important professions for directly and indirectly promoting the growth of economics in the countries.† These professionals significantly help the stakeholders and other people to assess the value of the firm’s financial information in all aspects of business. This can be achieved through the implementation of accounting and auditing standards that are within the dictates of the financial rules and regulations in a given country (Intakhan and Ussahawanitchakit, 2010). In most cases, independent auditors are more appropriate in carrying out this particular task. In as far as auditing is concerned, it is imperative for the auditors to have some form of independence so that they can impartially dispense their duties. Basically, â€Å"audit independence is defined as an objective and trustworthy arbiter of the fair pre sentation of financial results,† (Falk et al., 1999 as cited in Ussahawanitchakit (2012, p.12). This is a critical factor in the audit profession given that it is comprised of objectivity and is often free from bias. Audit independence is very important in the preparation of financial statements since it helps to generate investor confidence if the financial statement has been carried out by an outsider or independent person. Beattie et al (1999), suggest that in general, audit independence includes independence in fact, which is an unbiased mental attitude of an auditor, and independence in appearance, which is the perception by a reasonable observer that an auditor has no relationship with an audit client which would suggest a conflict of interest audit independence can be achieved if there are no conflicts of interests among the parties involved. It can also be noted that independent auditors are mainly concerned with upholding the principles of ethics, fairness and other p ractices and operations for presenting audit quality which plays a role in improving the quality of auditing that would done. Independent audits are also important since they help to promote fairness in the creation of financial statements and are likely to go a long way in sustaining integrity in terms of financial reporting. Georgiade (2011), states that the responsibilities of the independent auditor when conducting an audit of financial statements in accordance with GAAS include the following: â€Å"Obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial sta

Why auditor must to be objective and independent Essay

Why auditor must to be objective and independent - Essay Example In order to successfully carryout this feat, it can be seen that independent auditors play a significant role in the functioning of global capital markets. As such, this paper has been designed to evaluate the main reasons why auditors must be independent and objective in their operations. The main part of the paper will focus on why focus in terms of auditing financial statements of different companies is put on aspects such as objectivity as well as independence of the auditors who carry out different tasks related to financial reporting in the company. According to Kueppers & Sullivan (2010), the audit profession plays a very significant role in the functioning of the global capital markets and it also adds value to various roles played by different stakeholders in financial reporting in an organization. However, the effectiveness of an audit is reflected by the absence of failure of business or fraud after it has been completed. This can be achieved if an independent auditor is h ired to perform such a task in the organization. Ussahawanitchakit (2012, p.1) posits to the effect that during the recent years, â€Å"auditors have become important professions for directly and indirectly promoting the growth of economics in the countries.† These professionals significantly help the stakeholders and other people to assess the value of the firm’s financial information in all aspects of business. This can be achieved through the implementation of accounting and auditing standards that are within the dictates of the financial rules and regulations in a given country (Intakhan and Ussahawanitchakit, 2010). In most cases, independent auditors are more appropriate in carrying out this particular task. In as far as auditing is concerned, it is imperative for the auditors to have some form of independence so that they can impartially dispense their duties. Basically, â€Å"audit independence is defined as an objective and trustworthy arbiter of the fair pre sentation of financial results,† (Falk et al., 1999 as cited in Ussahawanitchakit (2012, p.12). This is a critical factor in the audit profession given that it is comprised of objectivity and is often free from bias. Audit independence is very important in the preparation of financial statements since it helps to generate investor confidence if the financial statement has been carried out by an outsider or independent person. Beattie et al (1999), suggest that in general, audit independence includes independence in fact, which is an unbiased mental attitude of an auditor, and independence in appearance, which is the perception by a reasonable observer that an auditor has no relationship with an audit client which would suggest a conflict of interest audit independence can be achieved if there are no conflicts of interests among the parties involved. It can also be noted that independent auditors are mainly concerned with upholding the principles of ethics, fairness and other p ractices and operations for presenting audit quality which plays a role in improving the quality of auditing that would done. Independent audits are also important since they help to promote fairness in the creation of financial statements and are likely to go a long way in sustaining integrity in terms of financial reporting. Georgiade (2011), states that the responsibilities of the independent auditor when conducting an audit of financial statements in accordance with GAAS include the following: â€Å"Obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial sta

Pre-service teachers dealing with autism Research Paper

Pre-service teachers dealing with autism - Research Paper Example The focus in this paper is on teaching that can be considered as an art form. Educators need to make learning an enjoyable experience for their students without sacrificing the quality of education that they as teachers would deliver. There have been scholarly revisions that have been made through the years as researches and further studies are conducted to cope up with changes in views about certain subjects and theories. Research papers are being published from time to time to further explain and elaborate on certain issues that people are facing in their everyday lives. Teaching can be compared to researches as both needs to up-to-date, reliable and well-explained. Firstly, the targeted group should be recognized and not just be included in figures. Therefore, was autism properly defined in the paper or how would a person with autism react? The definition of autism was given as a developmental disorder that has not been very well expounded to the public since the early days of its detection. What is being referred to as the â€Å"autistic syndrome† is considered as a biological condition that needs the medical involvement. There have been studies about it however the public is not well-aware of why and how it transpires. The general public still has questions on how they would treat people who has the disorder. Even educators have questions on what teaching style or approach would be effective for students with autism. ... Even educators have questions on what teaching style or approach would be effective for students with autism. As further reading was made on the paper, a question arises as to why a little attention was given to what supposed to be the sample group for the teachings which is being designed. There has been very little effort that has been made through the years to further educate the public about autism. For a teaching method to be considered as well-planned and deliberated, the targeted group should be verified and known. The research paper only focused on the educators and how and what lessons would be given to the group of students who are mentally challenged. However, it was not identified on how these students would behave and react in certain situations especially with the approach that the pre-service teachers will be using. The design or structure that was used in the paper can be said to be straight to the point. However, it was only done in a way that only one end of the pro ject would benefit. As it has been stated previously, it was only the educators’ side that was given the attention. Consideration should also be given to the students with autism as they would also be an end benefactor of the research. The success or failure of the theories and methodologies is dependent on the way students would react on how pre-service educators would deliver the lessons to them. Therefore, students are also an important factor in this research and not just teachers. It was not the only concern that can be addressed towards the authors. Another aspect of the paper which can be a cause of uncertainty is that a couple of references that were used were quite outdated. There are more than 2 decades that separates the research paper and

International and Comparative Human Resources Management Essay

International and Comparative Human Resources Management - Essay Example Choy (2007) suggests that the increasing role of multinational HR managers as trainers, counsellors, guides, and succession organizers is increasingly becoming irreversible. The role of HR managers is also sidling towards promoting and championing the ideals, ethics, concepts, and spiritual elements of their multinational organizations, especially with regard to handling cultural diversity at the workplace (Choy, 2007). HR managers for multinational companies grapple with numerous challenges in their line of duty, problems brought about by globalization (Mongiello, and Harris, 2006). These include; workplace diversity, low employee morale and productivity; and complicated planning options in certain markets. However, with an open and strategic approach to management, the managers can show effective leadership for their organization and manage the resources well (Choy, 2007). Globalization Globalization has tailored the significance of HR management in multinationals to reflect the to wering global scope and value (Escobar and Vredenburg 2011). Today’s HR managers have to deal with the transfer of workforces and responsibilities across countries. Additionally, globalization has enhanced the need for human resources to interact with sophisticated technologies in order to accomplish various HR tasks: these include; ensuring more competition among skilled employees at all organizational levels; more convoluted and strategic talent sourcing and nurturing pipelines (Jain, and Singh, 2013). In particular Darrag, Ahmed, and Hadia (2010) have noted the presence of a highly rigorous advertising, communication among various corporate fields and... This essay stresses that an effective HR manager of a multinational should apply controls and measure the outcomes of each employee’s productivity. Such a manager ought to carry out organizational appraisals on issues like remuneration, benefits, and condition of the workplace environment among other issues on a regular basis to evaluate the status of the organization for long-term planning initiatives. Additionally, there is need to implement performance matrix for gauging the effects of cultural diversity programs on the business operations through feedbacks. This report makes a conclusion that the mandate of a HR manager should be tailored to suit the changing requirements of the organization in relation to the dynamic global market. An effective HR manager transforms his organization into a more adaptable, strong, and consumer-oriented business. Within such an environment, the leader must learn and deploy effective management strategies such as being able to plan, organize, lead and manage the human assets in an evolving and competitive market environment. To manage the challenges that couple the enforcement of various HR initiatives in multinational corporations, organizations should promote cross-cultural communication among the diverse workforce to achieve teamwork. It is important to also embrace technology as a way of improving better interaction with customers, employees, suppliers and shareholders.

South america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

South america - Essay Example A characteristic feature of the state of affairs brought about by some powerful economic interests in an environment with weakened or nonexistent rule of law is the disappearance of clear boundaries between the sphere of governments/authorities and the sphere of organized crime or rebels. In a region traditionally torn by international disputes over land, resources, or economic paradigms, guerrilla or paramilitary groups in one country are often sponsored by the government of a neighbouring country. Over the last years this has been the case with FARC - a Marxist rebel terrorist group active in Colombia, and its ties to the present-day government of Venezuela. The organization derives most of its finance from growing coca (Philp). In their effort to restore the money influx after it suffered from U.S.-backed anti-drug campaign led by Colombian government, the guerrillas invaded areas previously unassociated with coca production, doing everything to get the indigenous inhabitants of these lands involved in their trade. As Philp shows in her article, the coca growing guerrillas, a self standing anti-government group thinking themselves to be outside the reach of legitimate Colombian authorities, never refrain from threats, violence, murder.

How we can apply sample accounting to daily life Essay

How we can apply sample accounting to daily life - Essay Example A person uses accounting techniques to make decisions on which investment is worthwhile. Similarly, the person will be able to make decisions on which investment should be ditched. For example, some investments could be attractive but need some accounting knowledge to consider the whole situation. Some investments could look lucrative but the related expenses and risks are threatening. However, some ventures seem to have low income as well as low risks. With the use of simple accounting, a person will be prepared to make a decision on the available alternatives (Juan, 2007). Consequentially, when a person does not use simple accounting, it is easy to lose substantial amounts of money in unreliable ventures. Similarly, simple accounting is effective in management of business and personal activities. With simple accounting a person is able to note the income and expenditure of their business or life in general. With such focus, the person is able to manage the expenditure and income on the basis of priority. Simple accounting is vital in making decisions in regards cutting of costs. A person could be in a stalemate over some expenditure that is affecting their business or personal life (Freedman, 2010). To limit such expenses, a person needs to use simple accounting. ... Similarly, simple accounting is vital when making decisions on economies of scale in production. Some activities could be limited to a certain extent if they are not worthwhile. For example, transportation of materials could be done all at once rather than transporting the same consignment in numerous shifts (Juan, 2007). This can be easily done through simple accounting. Being futuristic is a fundamental aspect in ensuring continuity. However, there is no future when a person is not able to forecast any future events with some considerable level of certainty. A person should plan on how to improve their life or business in the long term. This is by focusing on simple accounting and how it can aid in this process (Juan, 2007). For example, in many cases, there is the use of profitability index and its improvement to forecast future profits. With such forecasts, it is easy to plan for the future especially when a person is in need of a loan. This will be easy as the person will have a clue on how the loan can be repaid and the period needed for full repayment. Similarly, a person is able to forecast income that could also be used in slotting various ways of expanding the business, or better still, a person is better prepared for personal development. Making accounting decisions could be a hard task especially in the absence of accounting. Basic management decisions are made through simple accounting (Juan, 2007). Therefore, absence of simple accounting will lead to haphazard decision making. For example, accounting decisions are made after computing personal accounts. Therefore, a person should only make accounting decisions after evaluating some accounting findings. For example, the daily activities could be affected when some accounting decisions are

South america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

South america - Essay Example A characteristic feature of the state of affairs brought about by some powerful economic interests in an environment with weakened or nonexistent rule of law is the disappearance of clear boundaries between the sphere of governments/authorities and the sphere of organized crime or rebels. In a region traditionally torn by international disputes over land, resources, or economic paradigms, guerrilla or paramilitary groups in one country are often sponsored by the government of a neighbouring country. Over the last years this has been the case with FARC - a Marxist rebel terrorist group active in Colombia, and its ties to the present-day government of Venezuela. The organization derives most of its finance from growing coca (Philp). In their effort to restore the money influx after it suffered from U.S.-backed anti-drug campaign led by Colombian government, the guerrillas invaded areas previously unassociated with coca production, doing everything to get the indigenous inhabitants of these lands involved in their trade. As Philp shows in her article, the coca growing guerrillas, a self standing anti-government group thinking themselves to be outside the reach of legitimate Colombian authorities, never refrain from threats, violence, murder.

Nursing Issues in healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Issues in healthcare - Essay Example Patricia has served various leadership roles at Scripps Health, Presbyterian Intercommunity and Southwest Healthcare. In addition to leadership skills, she has a bachelor’s degree in nursing and a master’s in nursing leadership. As a leader, Patricia is charged with making sure that the hospital meets its patient care, clinical and staffing standards. She also advises senior management on the best nursing practices and patient care. She is also responsible for managing nursing budgets, establishing nursing policies and procedures. Patricia also plans patient services and participates in cross-departmental decision making with other top managers. In addition, Patricia is responsible for all the nursing departments in the hospital. The discussion regarding generational considerations in nursing was very helpful because the leader provided a lot of light and information on the issue. Recently, much attention has focused on the generational cohorts that define the current society. The generational groups include the veterans, baby boomers, generation x, generation Y and the home landers (Stanley, 2010). The groups have difference defining characteristics and pose different challenges for nurse leaders. As such, it is important for nurse leaders to possess awareness of the generational differences and the accompanying varying communication styles for the different groups. Understanding the groups has implication in nursing from two perspectives. Firstly, it facilitates communication between the nurse and the patients or families. Secondly, it enhances communication among nurses and other health professional working together. The traditionalists are an old generation with members who follow the rules, value authority and chain of command. They are likely to respond to formal communication than casual or a direct approach. The baby boomers grew in a time of prosperity that formed the basis for their

Study of the mind and brain Essay Example for Free

Study of the mind and brain Essay Just as parents are to the children at home, so are the teachers also to be in the schools. They should assist in the welfare of the children. They should bring them up psychologically, mentally and in all areas of life. As a teacher, it is expected of him or her to draw close to the students one-on-one to know their individual capabilities and to help them harness their potential to the maximum. A teacher must be keen and observant knowing the times when learning in students is at its peak and then utilize the opportunities. Man as an entity is a visual being. He finds it easier to recollect what he sees because of the impression it etches upon his mind for remembrance. It has been researched and found out that classical music serves as a form of enhancement of the brain. Looking at the integration of the brain and the mind, it is important to note that the analytical ability of the student is enhanced. It widens the inherent ability of the mind opening up the student to limited possibilities of knowledge and understanding. The inquisitiveness of such student in knowing the nitty-gritty and application of the principle in daily life. Teachers also in order to pass across their message should gather the students together and take up practical sessions with them right from the start to the finish. This gives the student the confidence to do whatever he has being taught in class. Examples of how the integration of the study of the brain with the study of the mind could positively influence student learning are: 1. Giving the students their form of expression in the classroom. Allowing for the students to take practical sessions, exposing them to large sums and structural analysis . 2. Also sitting with them in their younger ages and showing them the HOW TO and then putting them through it. Even when they miss it, they should not be rebuked . This atmosphere allows for the potential in the mind to be explored and the students can open up themselves. References: Spencer, S. (2009) Mapping the mind and brain retrieved from http://sbs. arizona. edu/insights/mind/mind. html on July 17, 2009.

Holistic Treatment of ADD/ADHD :: Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Holistic Treatment of ADD/ADHD Dear Mrs. Smith: I’m writing this letter to you because I am concerned about your daughter. Jane is often staring out the window and runs to it to get a closer look at the â€Å"cool† animal or insect. She often yells out the answer or â€Å"butts† in front of the other students because she can’t wait her turn like the other students. The hardest thing I’m dealing with is that Jane is constantly talking out-loud, fidgeting with her toys, and also she never sits still. I am concerned about her and I would like to have a conference with you to discuss having Jane tested for attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. This may not be the case, but I would just like to figure out why she is falling behind the other students. Please feel free to call me anytime to set up this appointment my number is 555-1234. Thank you, Mrs. Johnson October 20, 2000 This letter represents the type sent by teachers to many parents about children who are thought to have ADD/ADHD. Attention-deficit disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, most commonly known as ADD and ADHD, are neurobiological disorders that are most common among children; however, they are not unheard of in adults. An internet article entitled â€Å"Understanding and Identifying Children with ADHD: First Steps to Effective Intervention† put out by the US Department of Education cites several different causes of ADHD â€Å"such as pregnancy and birth, illness, lead poisoning, injury and prenatal drug exposure.† Children who have been diagnosed with ADD or ADHD have trouble paying attention, are often hyperactive, and act on impulse. Although drug treatment is the most common antidote to ADD/ADHD, a combination of diet, behavior intervention and medication is the best antidote for ADD/ADHD. Diet, although often overlooked, is extremely effective in combating or lessening the effects of ADD/ADHD. James B. Lavalle discussed the problem of a person having poor nutrition as a possible cause of ADD/ADHD in his article â€Å"Emotional, Nutritional Issues Offer Treatment Insight† that was published in Drug Store News. He writes, â€Å"It seems plausible that several nutrient depletions and food intake issues can be linked to possible causes of ADD and ADHD.† Because of a link between poor nutrition and ADD, there can be a reversal by integrating proper nutrition to a person with ADD/ADHD. This addition can, with a combination of behavior interventions and medication, help stop the signs of ADD/ADHD.

Classifying Rocks Essay -- Geology Geological Rock Essays Papers

Classifying Rocks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rocks are classified to make it easier on people to identify them in the future. This can be done by a numerous amount of ways. Each rock type has their own specific ways, but there are two distinct characteristics that apply to all. These are texture and composition. These two, along with many others helps to classify igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Igneous rocks are classified first by texture. This is broken down mainly into grain size. First there are intrusive, or plutonic igneous rocks. These types of rocks cool within the crust and forms large, visible crystals. The opposite would be extrusive, or volcanic rocks. These cool at the surface rapidly, forming small grains. A combination of the two would be porphyritic, large grains in an aphanitic, or extrusive matrix. Secondly, composition is used to classify igneous rocks. There are four types, ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, and felsic. Ultramafic rocks are very dark and contain and extreme amount of iron and magnesium. Mafic rocks are also dark in color; they too contain high iron and magnesium amounts. An example would be olivine, or pyroxene. Intermediate igneous rocks are made from silica and plagioclase. They tend to be grays and browns in color. Finally, felsic socks are light in color and contains high amounts of silica. Quartz and potassium feld spar are examples of felsic igneous rocks. Other types of rocks are classified similarly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sedimentary rocks form...

FIT ME IN Essay

4th Floor, Sunshine Plaza Building FTI Complex, Taguig City Presented to the Faculty of Department of Information Technology Education AMA Computer Learning Center College By: Norjie D. Ditucalan Sumille D. Gomez Chapter 1 Background Study Nowadays, in a highly technological society, human productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. More advanced technology is now being introduced. One of the best examples is the computer based database. Now, with the advent of such modernization in health, one way to globalize the process of research is to realize that technology advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in health maintenance is also vast. Companies and business establishments use computer based system to provide information to their clients, employees, costumers, and especially to the management. In Fitness Gym, recording details are written down on record books. A record book is a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someonewith their personal information provided. It is also organized for use and maintained by an employee, or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in any format and from many sources. The employee has to keep the room neat so that it is conductive the fitness activity. The gym employee is also the person who is liable for monitoring all the records in the said establishment. The proponent will propose a computerized recording system for the FEM GYM. The gym is still utilizing a manual system. The costumers and the employees still use a logbook in writing down the information and records of each client. This system is to provide facilities for users to enter information into the system  directly, instead of passing the information usually on paper. Objectives of the Study General Objective Generally, the proponent’s purpose in designing the system is to help the operation of FEM Fitness Gym with regards to their records. This system will be able to help the said establishment to find their records accurate and promptly. Also to change the manual system of their daily recording. It will lessen the time of the employee in searching the costumer’s record and computerized their costumers profile sheet. It introduces a new way of informing and updating the operation of FEM Gym. Specific Objectives 1. To provides an organize file inside the gym. 2. To make it easier for the employees and costumer to find their records. 3. To make it easier for the employees to input information for the new members Scope of the Study This system deals with searching of accurate information with regards to FEM Fitness Gym. Just by simply pointing and clicking the mouse on the search button and let the user display the information needed on the screen. The user can also check the time consumed by the costumer and input how much they have to pay. It also updates the membership status of each client. Significance of the study This study provides a great advantage to the employee and the owner. The system was designed to make filing information and sorting of records easier and more convenient. It is easy to manipulate and functional to the employee and the owner. Moreover the software was designed with the security code or password to secure all files and records from unauthorized users. Chapter 2 RELATED LITERATURE This chapter will discuss the theoretical framework that illustrates paradigm of existing system and the study of the system. This will be followed by a review of the related literature of the previous writings and research done by the distinguished authorities, which have significant impact on the  problem under investigation. This places the current study into the context of previous, related research. Such as, the literature review emphasizes the relatedness between the current study and the works of the other authors. FOREIGN STUDIES A record is any information –text, number, image, or voice kept for future reference. As a civil servant or even as a business man, you need to realise how vital an efficient records management system is to the smooth operation of an organisation. The main purpose of a records management system is to make sure records are available when needed so that the organization can operate efficiently. Such a system fulfils this purpose in several ways by: âž ¢ Using storage media âž ¢ Providing proper storage equipment and supplies âž ¢ Outlining procedures for filing âž ¢ Developing an efficient retrieval procedure âž ¢ Setting up a schedule for when records should be kept or discarded. An office cannot operate without records. Records are kept so that you and others in the office can refer to the information later or use it to complete another task. That is why many business and other organizations have records management system such a system will help you store and retrieve records efficiently and keep the file current. RECORD SYSTEMS: There are several systems we can keep our records. Some of them are as follows: âÅ"“ The Book File System : This is the method of filing whereby all minutes are enclosed from the left-hand side, face to cover, in chronological order and are numbered in the same fashion as the book. The first page is the oldest paper in the file. âÅ"“ The Split File System: This is the method of filing whereby all minutes are put on the left hand side of the file and separately numbered, while letters, both incoming and outgoing, are placed on the right hand side and numbered consecutively from the bottom to the top†¦ Excerpt from Record Management Facilities by AsogwaSylve, (2010). In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. The excerpt was stated by Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science and technology education according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV, Section 10). Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department as indicated by Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of data. That is the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained as stated by Abraham Silberschatz, Database System Concepts (1999). A database is an organized collection of facts and information. An organizations database can contain facts and information on customers, employees, inventory, competitors, sales information and much more. Most Managers and executive believe a database is one of the most valuable and important parts of a computer-based Information System in accordance with Ralph M. Stair’s Fundamentals of Information System (2001). LOCAL STUDIES In the old days, business was done using papers and flat registers. The organization of these registers was difficult and the storage of huge amounts of data was a real problem. Also, the process of preparing a report takes a lot of time. But when computers were introduced into the business  field, everything had changed. Databases were used to store huge amounts of data and organize them. Instead of spending many hours (or maybe days) preparing a report, a query consisting of a number of statements can perform the job in some seconds. Although databases were very useful, another problem has appeared. Companies and corporations spread over wide distances. A single company can have branches in all the governorates of a country and maybe with some branches outside that country. Data communicating and sharing was a problem. This problem was solved using computer networks which are the best way for data communicating. Nowadays, computer networks are essential for any business. Computer networks are used for file transfer, voice and video conferencing. For this reason, we have chosen our final project to discuss networks from different sides†¦ Excerpt from DESIGNING A BANK NETWORK (2010). In the past, history has it that the act of â€Å"RECORD KEEPING† were basically performed on tablets, stone, Animal skin and many other forms of record keeping were also designed .However, over the years, with the advent of modern technology, things have changed tremendously for better. Science and researches have come up with an efficient electronic machine called â€Å"computer† that can perform wonders in various capacity and of such is the record keeping. No single development within the past five decades has a greater impact on record keeping system, accounting and business management system than the advent of computer application (wikipedia). Computers are widely used in the field of engineering, medicine, education, automobile technology, agriculture, economic planning e.t.c. However, the most spectacular growth has been in the field of business organization. Similarly, tasks such as record keeping which requires repetition for various sets of data are ideally suited for computer system. Excerpt from the article of THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER APPLICTION ON RECORD KEEPINGBY AHMAD UMAR DEWA CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The academic motivation underlying the above aims is to systematically explore whether a new conceptual coherence can be developed within the field of action oriented research such that the current ordering process could be  conceptually assimilated, further clarified, brought to sharper focus, usefully applicable. This standard type of framework shows the input we are proposing and the process that has to be done then the outcome of it. InputProcessOutput The conceptual framework shows that the existing process of the establishment in FEM Fitness Gym, Maharlika Road Branch, Taguig is a manual process wherein they find their records/files manually and they write the costumer’s information. In this process the gym operations consumes too much time and effort or wasting in finding their records while our proposed system process, help the gym to find their record promptly. Also change their manual system of their daily recording. It will lessen the time of the employee in searching the costumer’s record and computerized input of information. Definiton of Terms Record keeping Record keeping refers to the retention of records deemed important to a person, company or any other establishment. This goes hand in hand with records management, which is the creation, retention, filing, storage, to final disposition. Database A database is an organized collection of data. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. For example, modeling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies. FILES This page describes the term file and lists other pages on the Web where you can find additional information. FITNESS GYM A health club (also known as a fitness club, fitness center, and commonly referred to as a gym) is a place which houses exercise equipmentfor the purpose of physical exercise. VISUAL BASIC Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and  integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model first released in 1991. Microsoft intends Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use.[1][2] Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. The scripting language VBScript is a subset of Visual Basic. MY SQL also called â€Å"My Sequel† (as of July 2013) the world’s most widely usedopen-source relational database management system(RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases, thoughSQLite probably has more total embedded deployments. It is named after co-founder Michael Widenius’s daughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language. CODES A code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture) into another – usually shortened orcovert- form or representation (one sign into another sign), not necessarily of the same type. SEARCH BOX A search box or search field is a common GUI element used in computer programs, such as file managers or web browsers, and on web sites. A search box is usually a single-line text boxwith the dedicated function of accepting user input to be searched for in a database. Search boxes on web pages are usually used to allow users to enter a query to be submitted to a Web search engine server-side script, where an index database is queried for entries that contain one or more of the user’s keywords. Chapter 3 Research Methodology Descriptive Method It was argued that archival description is not simply an aid to discovery and retrieval3. Instead, it is integral to documenting knowledge about records and the circumstances in which they are made and kept – essential knowledge  for the records to exist as records and serve their principal use as evidence. In other words, the primary purpose of documentation or finding aids is not repository control or the facilitation of access but as an indispensable component in the making and keeping of records. In the paper world, it was possible to lose sight of this because archival methods based on the ‘life cycle’ separated the preparation of finding aids in time from other documentation activities. Archivists acquired custody of records no longer in current use and preserved them by physically segregating them into provenance-based fonds in an order reflecting their last practical use. This fixity of placement and arrangement was replicated in finding aids which did l ittle more than represent the physical organisation of the records in boxes and on shelves. In this last ‘archival’ phase of the life cycle, such finding aids contribute little to recordkeeping (merely duplicating physical placement, which has been the chief recordkeeping tool known to the archivist). Finding aids also give value-added knowledge of context, but even here archivists have allowed themselves to become ‘collection’ focused. Archivists have documented contextual knowledge only insofar as it related to the records they held, being the small quantity of records which have survived appraisal (or competition for deposit) and which happened to have been transferred to their custody. Context has been documented only insofar as it was necessary to describe records in custody. Contextual descriptions have become, therefore, merely adjuncts to and enhancements of the listings of records held – little more than additional descriptors to an item list – not documentation of a recordkeeping system. Not surprisingly, such finding aids c ame to be seen as being principally aids to discovery and retrieval. Their prospective users (those for whom they were written) were ‘researchers’ whose perceived information needs came to dominate archival descriptive practice. Traditional descriptive methods were used to portray an entity in which it was assumed all relevant features of structure were to be found physically embodied in the material being portrayed and to which necessary contextual knowledge could be attached as a descriptive enhancement rather than to show relationships with other descriptive entities (not necessarily records). This traditional descriptive model or ‘system’ informs much of the work which has so far gone into recent descriptive standards efforts. The International Council on Archives (ICA)  standards claim to be independent of both technological and methodological systems, though I have argued in Part 1 that they are dependent on, and limited by, the assumptions implicit in the traditional methods they largely reflect. Name: Position: Questionnaire 1.Do you encounter record problems? Like lost of record sheets? How? Why? 2.Are you willing to change your recording method from to computerized? Why? 3.What are the problems usually occurs? 4.Are you convinced that the manual recording reflect with the income of your business is accurate? 5.If you’re going to develop your recording process, what features would you like to add? 6.Are there any information sources of information which I should be aware? 7.How would your customers know their membership status? 8.How often do you check your membership status? Week Year Month Other 9.What is the current membership status of your customers? 10.We name this system as â€Å"Fit Me In†, Do you want it to be change? If yes, give any suggestions. Name: Position: Survey 1.How long you’ve been running this fitness gym? Months Year/s 2.Is it hard to keep recording/ attendance sheet of your customer? Yes No 3. Any changes you want to change to improve the process on your work? User-friendly Secured Easy to Update 4.Do you encountered lost of records? Yes No 5. Are you convinced with the manual transaction when it comes to security? Yes No Data Flow Diagram