Distinguished From Combinations Of Words English Language Essay

Distinguished From Combinations Of Words side Language EssayComposition as a way of word- compriseation was very productive since Old English period and remains wholeness of the most active types of word-building in Modern English. More than one third of neologisms in English ar conglomerate words.The goal of this query is to investigate what is a intensify word, how it is built and how it can be distinguished from combinations of words. alter Objectivesto study the theory of the topicto analyze gathered informationto draw relevant conclusionsThe hypothesis of the given work is that fluxs play enormous role in English word formation.The methods of researchTheoretical method ( analyzeing and analysing the theory of the word-formation in English language, composition)Practical method (searching compounds in Old English, and usingReview of the worldations All the materials used by the author while doing this research were theoretical.Compounds and their criteriaCompound words ar gon words consisting of at least devil stems which occur in the language as free forms ( 1986108). There are compound words among each(prenominal) notional parts of speech, but mostly among nouns and adjectives synchronic word-formation system of English has a nominal character.Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units which are formally and semantically dependent on their components and relations amongst them.In Old English domineering structural patters of composition were noun + noun, adjective + noun, noun + adjective. Here are some exampless (ice, noun) + ceald (cold, adjective) = s-ceald (ice-cold, compound) Online 1In Middle English period compound nouns were numerous, for example tablecloth, penknife. New compounds consisted of prepositionAll the existing classifications of compound words represent a modified classification of Old Sanskrit Grammar where nominative compound words are subdivided into copulative (woman-doctor), determinative (air-mail) and exocentric ( cut-throat) which are not typical of the English language.As English compounds consist of free forms it is difficult to distinguish them from combinations of words. Online 2 What is the difference between a slow coach and a slowcoach? There are several criteria which can help to differentiate between them.1.. Phonological criterion. Almost all compounds with a few exceptions always show a high stress on the first element. Compound adjectives are doubled-stressed easy-going, snow-white.2. Morphological criterion. Criterion of Formal single was introduced byA.I. Smirnitsky. Comparing shipwreck and wreck of a ship with identical sets of morphemes and identical meaning he states that they differ. A word is characterized by structural wholeness which is absent in a word-combination. Grammatical formants are added to the whole compound not to every component shipwrecks, shipwrecks.3. Syntactic criterion. We have no right to measure up any component of a compound word or to change their order or to insert any word into its structure. L. Bloomfield points out that the word char in the phrase black birds can be modified by very, very black birds, but never in a compound blackbirds.4. pictorial criterion. Compound words may have solid, hyphened and even separate spelling. The lack of uniformity in spelling makes this criterion insufficient and highly unreliable.The historical education of compounds and their ClasssificationNot all the compound words inherited by the vocabulary of English are preserved in the language in their primary form having undergone various phonetic changes, which reduced them to simple or root words. This process is called simplification of stems.The form of a compound word and its pronounciation may be changed so that it is hardly recognizable. The following examples serve as illustration woman = wifmann (Old English, woman person), husband = husbonda (Old English, master of the house, bua to dwell).There are three ways to classify compoun d words.1. Structural classification. Structurally, compounds are distinguished as endocentric (bookcase, sunrise), exocentric (cut-throat, daredevil), buhuvrihi1(bigwig, greenhorn) and syntactic compounds which correlate with phrases (baby-sitter) ( 1986 123)2. According to the type of composition compounds are divided into 3 groupsa) juxtaposition without linking elements ( 1986123) heartache, bookcase, film-star.b) Compounds with linking vowel and consonant ( 1986123) Afro-American, speedometer, handicraft.c) Compounds with linking elements represented by preposition and conjunction stems ( 1986123) bread-and-butter, father-in-law. There are also lexicalized phrases like ( 1986123) forget-me-not, devil-may-care, dog-in-the-manger.3. According to the structure of immediate constituents (later in the research IC) compounds are divided into four groupsa) Compounds consisting of simple stems ( 1986123) bottle-neck, stare-gazeb) Compounds where one IC is derived ( 1986123) beef-eater c) Compounds where one IC is clipped X-mas (Christmas) ( 1986123)d) Compounds where one IC is compound wastepaper-basket ( 1986123).specific features of english compoundsThe legal age of English compounds consist of free forms where combining elements are rare and possess a regular two-stem pattern.Any element playing an attributive function and standing(a) before the main word may be united with it and form a compound word two-year course, last-minute preparation.Derivational compounds contain two free stems and suffix referring to the whole combination blue-eyed. There are also a lot of nonce-words among them save-your-own-soul-ism.A special group of compounds is constituted by reduplicative compounds reduplicative compounds proper, ablaut combinations and poetry combinations.New word-forming patterns in composition revealing the influence of extra-linguistic factors can be illustrated by such compounds as teach-in, phone-in, sit-in, etc. These combinations contain a connotation of public protest.Compound words are frequent among nouns and adjectives but the existence of compound verbs in Modern English can be doubted. To blacklist, to over-flow are often called compound verbs. However, for example, to house-keep, to hitch-hike are created not by composition but by back-formation and conversion if treated diachronically.ConclusionTo conclude the results of the research it is important to state that after having read and analyzed the theory of composition as a way of English word-formation the author of the research came to the conclusion that compounds have a long history and are one of the most popular ways of word-building in English language. It should be also mentioned that not a single criterion mentioned it the research is sufficient to raise whether we deal with a combination of words or a compound word.