A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics EssayMachiavelli and Hobbes were the about important political philosophers of early modernity. Politi bordery, modernitys earliest phase starts withNiccol Machiavellis works which openly rejected the medieval and Aristotelian style of analyzing politics by comparison ideas about how things should be, in favor of realistic analysis of how things really ar. He overly proposed that an aim of politics is to control champions own chance or fortune, and that relying upon providence personationually leads to evil. Machiavelli designated, for example, that violent divisions within political communities atomic descend 18 un stay offable, only when washstand overly be a source of strength which law-makers and leaders should invoice for and even encourage in some ways.1Machiavellis recommendations were some sequences influential upon kings and princes, exactly at long last came to be seen as favoring free republics over monarchies. Machiavelli in turn influencedFrancis Bacon,Marchamont Needham,Harrington,John Milton,David Hume, and domainy others.2Important modern political doctrines which stem from the new Machiavellian reality includeMandevilles influential proposal that Private Vices by the dexterous Management of a skilful Politician may be turned into Public Benefits (the last sentence of hisFable of the Bees), and also the doctrine of a constitutional separation of force outs in presidential term, first clearly proposed byMontesquieu. Both these principles are enshrined within theconstitutionsof mostmodern democracies. It has been observed that composition Machiavellis realism saw a value to war and political violence, his lasting influence has been tamed so that useful de founderure was deliberately converted as untold as possible to formalized political struggles and the economic conflict encouraged between free, private enterprises.3As I said in the first paragraph of this essay I will start w ithThomas Hobbes, attempts were made to use the methods of the new modern physical sciences, as proposed byBaconandDescartes, applied to humanity and politics. Notable attempts to improve upon the methodological approach of Hobbes include those ofLocke,de de Spinoza,Giambattista Vicoand Rousseau.David Humemade what he considered to be the first proper attempt at trying to apply Bacons scientific method to political subjects, rejecting some aspects of the approach of Hobbes.4Modernist republi undersurfaceism openly influenced the foundation of republics during theDutch Revolt(1568-1609),English Civil War(1642-1651),American Revolution(1775-1783) and theFrench Revolution(1789-1799A second phase of modernist political mentation begins with Rousseau, who questi unrivaledd the natural keen-wittedity and sociality of humanity and proposed thathuman naturewas much much malleable than had been previously thought. By this logic, what makes a good political system or a good man is complete ly dependent upon the chance room whole person has taken over history. This thought influenced the political (and aesthetic) thinking ofImmanuel Kant,Edmund hitand others and led to a critical review of modernist politics. On the conservative side, Burke argued that this deduceing encouraged caution and avoidance of radical change. However more ambitious movements also developed from this insight into humanculture, initiallyRomanticismandHistoricism, and eventually some(prenominal) theCommunismofKarl Marx, and the modern forms ofnationalisminspired by theFrench Revolution, including, in single extreme, the GermanNazimovement.Francis Bacon inspired by MachiavelliFrancis Bacon (1561-1626) was one of the lead story figures in natural philosophy and in the field of scientific methodology in the closure of transition from the Renaissance to the early modern era. As a lawyer, member of Parliament, and Queens Counsel, Bacon wrote on questions of law, state and religion, as tumesce as on contemporary politics but he also published texts in which he speculated on possible conceptions of society, and he pondered questions of ethics (Essays) even in his works on natural philosophy (The Advancement of Learning).5After his studies at deuce-ace College, Cambridge and Grays Inn, London, Bacon did non take up a post at a university, but instead tried to start a political career. Although his efforts were not crowned with success during the era of Queen Elizabeth, under James I he rose to the highest political office, Lord Chancellor. Bacons international fame and influence spread during his last years, when he was able to focus his energies exclusively on his philosophical work, and even more so after his death, when English scientists of the Boyle circle (Invisible College) took up his idea of a accommodative research institution in their plans and preparations for establishing the Royal Society.6Bacons method for permeating his philosophical ideas into the coll ective unconscious of the age can best be summarised in his guideword bene visit qui bene latuit One lives best by the hidden life. Bacon resurrected the Rosicrucian Mystery School and the Freemasons, and injected new life into these secret fraternity societies so they became vehicles for the new Baconian philosophy of actor and scientific enquiry. Bacon, like Goethe, scorned knowledge that did not lead to action and also scorned the denial of evil in ourselves. Bacon was grateful to Machiavelli for his frank estimatement of the shadow side of human nature in politics We are beholden to Machiavelli, and writers of that kind, who openly and unmasked declare what men do in fact, and not what they ought to do for it is impossible to join the wisdom of the serpent and the innocence of the dove, without the precious knowledge of the nature of evil.Bacons works touch on all aspects of humanity politics, religion, theology, scientific method, but his most brilliant observations are p sychological. Foreshadowing the discoveries by Carl Jung about the nature of the unconscious and the shadow side of man, Bacon recognize that the baseness of man should be recognized and dealt with openly, not repressed and personified as the devil.7In modern political vernacular, Bacon was a conservative. He saw an ideal Government as one which was benevolent without the slash excesses of despotism by principles, or by the majority the alike(p) as Machiavelli. It is almost without instance that any giving medication was unprosperous under learned governors.8In science, Bacon seek nothing less than the reconstruction of a system that could be applied to the relief of mans suffering. He constructed a new Classification of Science (The Advancement of Learning, 1603-05), depict a new method for the Interpretation of Nature (Things Thought and Seen, 1607, Thread of the Labyrinth, 1606, Novum Organum, 1608-20). He investigated the phenomena of nature in Natural write up (1622), a nd showed how the writers of the past had advanced their truths to the time of Bacon in Forest of Forests, published in 1624. Bacon recorded anticipations of scientific brass issues he felt would come from application of his methods in On Origins (1621). As a result of applying these principles, he described the basis of a new society that would emerge in The New Atlantis (1624). This Magna Instauratio, the gigantic reconstruction, was inspired by the vision Bacon had in his youth, and was a herculean task without precedent in the history of thought. As Bacon stated in the preface to Magna Instauratio. and I am laboring to lay the foundation not of any sect or doctrine, but of utility and power. To Bacon, Knowledge is power, not mere argument or ornament. In Advancement of Learning, Bacon suggested that all worlds of life had rational dominates and an empirical basis medicine, psychology, even dreams, predictions and other occult phenomena. Yet he comes full circle at the end o f this survey, concluding that science needs to be guided by philosophy. Bacon applies this to politics.9Comparison Hobbes and Machiavelli on Human NatureThomas Hobbes (1588-1679), whose current reputation rests largely on his political philosophy, was a thinker with big interests. In philosophy, he defended a range of materialist, nominalist, and empiricist views against Cartesian and Aristotelian alternatives. In physics, his work was influential on Leibniz, and leads him into disputes with Boyle and the experimentalists of the early Royal Society. In history, he translated ThucydidessHistory of the Peloponnesian Warinto English, and later wrote his own history of the Long Parliament. In mathematics he was less fortunate, and is best remembered for his repeated un productive attempts to square the circle. just despite that, Hobbes was a serious and prominent participant in the intellectual life of his time.10Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli get byd a commonality in the time period in which they each(prenominal) lived. Separated by approximately 100 years, both thinkers were focusing on political theory. Hobbes theory tended to focus on the social bowdlerize between a peck and its government. Machiavellis theory foc employ on the attributes that formed a successful ruler. Examining both theories, a comparison is evident in that Machiavelli and Hobbes both seem to discuss the human nature of society.In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes views human nature as individual self-preservation and as a place of constant war. in that location is a constant struggle between men. What causes this conflict amongst men? Hobbes believes that competition and glory causes war between men. He says, If both men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they bring about enemies to destroy one another. He concludes that self-preservation is the only way to safeguard from being destroyed. The only way to preserve one is to become more powerful than the other. Government must also be instituted to ensure peace and security through whatever means necessary. Hobbes believes that life without government would be poor, nasty, brutish and short.11In the Prince, Machiavelli views human nature as pertaining to those who are ruled and those who rule. He promoted a secular society and believed that morality stood in the way. He distrusts masses and believes that in a time of adversity, when the state is in need of its citizens there are few to be found. He questions the loyalty of the citizens. Because of this, he advises the Prince that, because men are wretched creatures who would not keep their word to you, you need keep your word to them. Machiavelli believed that the secular form of government to be the most successful. His views were to benefit the prince by maintaining power rather to serve the well being of the citizens.Hobbes and Machiavelli both build interesting ideas on Human Nature. Both of their ideas also contain an evident theme . The theme is the function of fear as a means acquiring power and maintaining it. The theme of fear is not illustrated in great detail in Hobbes work as it is in Machiavellis. Nevertheless an interesting comparison can be drawn between the two.12Hobbes believes that people naturally fear death. The easiest and safest way to avoid death was to bring forth a centralized state. An autocracy would ensure the universal desire for life. match to Hobbes, people would give up their power collectively to one ruler. In turn, the people would shut up and do what they were told. The only right they would have would be the right not to be killed. They would live under a tyrannical ruler who had all powers to decide good and evil for the people. He believes that fear is essential to maintain power and authority of the people. This is evident in his text with, And covenants, without the sword are but words, and strength to secure a man at all.13Machiavelli poises the question to the Prince is it better to be loved than feared or vice versa He addresses this question in regards to what benefits a ruler more. He concludes that a prince cannot be both feared and loved. Machiavelli believes that it is better to be feared by the citizens. This is seen as an economy of violence in which fear is used by violence to invoke a lasting impression on the people. This economy must happen at the beginning on an event where the clock is equally important. The violent act must be made into a spectacle done in the open where people can see and judge. People judge by appearances, so what they see will affect their mentality. The more violent the act the more fearful the individual will be of the same act upon them. Fear in a sense is used by both authors to train the people. It must be instilled upon them in order to maintain a successful regime. It is like the training of an animal. The master must instill on the animal that he is in charge. If he does not then the animal will whelm the master. The master must make the animal afraid of him by punishing it when it does wrong. Eventually the animal will realize who is in control.14Spinoza and Machiavelli ideas.Spinoza is one of the most important philosophers-and certainly the most radical-of the early modern period. His thought combines a commitment to Cartesian metaphysical and epistemological principles with elements from ancient Stoicism and medieval Jewish rationalism into a nonetheless highly original system. His extremely naturalistic views on God, the world, the human being and knowledge serve to ground a moral philosophy centered on the control of the passions leading to virtue and happiness. They also lay the foundations for a strongly democratic political thought and a deep critique of the pretensions of Scripture and sectarian religion. Of all the philosophers of the seventeenth-century, perhaps none have more relevance today than Spinoza.15Spinozas political thought draws from a number of sources, both classical and modern. As one commentator puts it, Spinoza formed new conclusions from facts and concepts borrowed from others. It is worth briefly considering some of the sources of the facts and concepts that he inherits.16At some stratum in the mid-1650s. Spinoza began studying Latin with Franciscus Van den Enden. Van den Enden was an ex-Jesuit and radical egalitarian with revolutionary tendencies. He was put to death in 1674 after having been found guilty of conspiring to depose Louis XIV in order to establish a free republic in Normandy. Van dan Enden was an anti-clerical democrat who appears to have profoundly influenced Spinoza. One commentator has gone so far as to call Van den Enden the genius behind Spinoza, claiming that Van den Endens belles-lettres contains a political theory which is in fact the same as the one worked out by Spinoza. Whether or not this assessment is fair, it is clear that Spinozas thinking was nourished through his association with Van den Enden and the larger radical Cartesian circle in Amsterdam.17Hobbes influence on Spinoza is unmistakable. We know that Spinoza readDe Civecarefully and that it was among his possessions when he died in 1677. He might also have readLeviathan, which appeared in Latin in 1668, as Spinoza was completing the TTP, although we do not know this for sure. I will discuss Spinozas work in relationship to Machiavelli in some detail below. Here I want to mention the impact of Machiavellian on Spinoza. Machiavellian thought was introduced into Dutch political discourse by Lambert van Velthuysen, an anti-clerical, liberal physician. Velthuysens Dissertatiois an unembarrassed defense of Machiavelli thought, in which the duty to preserve one is given pride of place. Spinoza read and admired Velthuysen as a man of exceptional distressfulness of mind, and was thus disconcerted when Velthuysen denounced the TTP as the work of a cunning atheist.18Aside from Velthuysen, the other primary Dutch conduits for Machi avellian thought prior to Spinoza were the De la Court brothers. Most of the De la Courts writings were published by Pieter De la Court after the death of his brother Johan in 1660. However, because it remains unclear how much Pieter added and how much he profited off his studious younger brother, I will refer to these authors of these writings simply as the De la Courts, so as to avoid attribution problems. The De la Courts were ardent republicans who maintained good relations with Johan De Witt. Indeed, De Witt is thought to have written two chapters in the second edition of their book reside van Holland. The De la Courts adopted the basic features of Machiavellian anthropology, but eschewed juridical concepts like right and contract, opting to analyze the civil condition in terms of the competing interests of participants. According to them, the aim of the state is to ensure that the interests of rulers are tied to the interests of the ruled, which is possible only if one adopts a series of institutional measures, such as the use of screen door balloting, the removal of hereditary posts, and the rotation of offices. Republics, they argued, will be marked by greater checks against self-interested legislation than monarchies. Spinoza evidently studied these works carefully his institutional recommendations in theTractatus Politicus.19It was likely the writings of the De la Courts that impressed upon Spinoza the perspicacity of Niccolo Machiavelli. The conceit of balancing the interests of competing parties was ultimately derived from Machiavelli. SpinozasPolitical Treatiseis shot through with Machiavellian insights and recommendations. mature at the outset of the work, Spinoza parrots Machiavellis critique of utopian theorizing, elevating statesmen over philosophers, since only the latter begin with a realistic conception of human psychology. Machiavellian realism pervades Spinozas political writings, playing a particularly large role in the constitutiona l theorizing of the TP. Spinoza, like Machiavelli, understood that prescriptions for improving the governance of a state can be offered only after one has a proper diagnosis of the problems and a proper grasp of human nature.20Machiavelli and LockeJohn Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704) was a British philosopher, Oxford schoolman and medical researcher, whose association with Anthony Ashley Cooper (later the First Earl of Shaftesbury) led him to become successively a government official charged with collecting information about dispense and colonies, economic writer, opposite political activist, and finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Much of Lockes work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. This opposition is both on the level of the individual person and on the level of institutions such as government and church. For the individual, Locke wants each of us to use antecedent to search after truth rather than simply acc ept the opinion of authorities or be subject to superstition. He wants us to proportion bow to propositions to the evidence for them. On the level of institutions it becomes important to distinguish the legitimate from the illegitimate functions of institutions and to make the corresponding distinction for the uses of force by these institutions. The positive side of Lockes anti-authoritarianism is that he believes that using reason to try to grasp the truth, and determining the legitimate functions of institutions will optimize human flourishing for the individual and society both in revere to its material and spiritual welfare. This in turn, amounts to following natural law and the fulfillment of the divine purpose for humanity.21John Locke and Niccolo Machiavelli are political philosophers writing in two different lands and two different times. Lockes 17th century England was on the verge of civil war and Machiavellis 15th century Italy was on the verge of invasion. The focus o f this part of my essay is to examine the treatment of the people by both authors, to discover what Machiavelli and Locke write about the peoples role in their different structures of government. In particular, this paper seeks to understand that role in regards to the political power each author yields to, or withholds from, the people. In addition, these treatments of power and the people will be compared to the writings of another undated political philosopher, Plato. By Discourses on Livy, The Prince, and The Republic against one another, this paper will show how writers from three very different centuries all agreed upon an identical notion of the relationship between the power of the people and their role in government. This theory is not readily apparent upon initial reading of these authors. Indeed, most political philosophers would argue that each author has a very distinct notion of what role the people play in government. Therefore, an ideal place to start is in the diff erences of each authors portrayal of the people and the political power they wield. Machiavelli, the most pessimistic of the three writers in regards to humans and human nature, writes that all men can be incriminate of that defect which Livy calls vanity and inconsistency. He continues by writing people are nothing other than a brute animal that, although of a ferocious and feral nature, has always been nourished in prison and in servitude.22Animals, that are by their nature ferocious, become scared and confused when released from captivity. Without the shelter and food they had come to wear when domesticated, they are more susceptible to future attempts at captivity. Man also becomes scared and confused in freedom after living under the government of others. Machiavelli writes that these men lack understanding of public defense or public offense, and quickly return beneath the yoke that is most often heavier than the one it had remote from its neck a little before. Men are doc ile like domesticated dogs or cattle, according to this description, and have a role in government of little political power. With Plato, there is a continuation of the same theme started by Machiavelli.23The oligarchic rule the city through the license of the multitude, and the orderly rule in business through the disadvantage of the multitude. Thus, Machiavelli sees the people as subjugated and Plato sees the people as fatuous, both doomed to political ineptitude. With Locke, however, the character of the people is redeemed. The people, for Locke, reconcile a political power akin to force. Indeed, the people are the ultimate source of power for Lockes government, whether that government is a legislative body or a prince. In the closing chapter of his second treatise, Locke details the ways that government can dissipate when rulers misuse their power.According to Machiavelli, the people neither desire to be commanded nor oppress by the great. In this sense, the people constitute a humor of the city, the opposing humor being the desire of the great to command and oppress the people. A man should be wary of becoming prince with the support of the great instead of the support of the people. Without their support, the prince is doomed to govern either a territory filled with an unmanageable great or a large body of unruly people. Indeed, Machiavelli echoes this in a later chapter by stating a prince should have two fears one within, on account of his subjects the other outside, on account of external powers.24In both this text and Lockes Two Treatises, the authors yield an incredible amount of power to the people the power to both influence the creation of and bring about the destruction of governments. For Machiavelli, the people are a large body of people, viewed as more formidable, and, therefore, more influential, than the great aristocrats in principality building. For Locke, the people exert a similar influence over the building of a commonwealth, since it is from the people that the power of the prince or legislature originates. Moreover, the people can decide to bring about the end of a particular regime of government if they feel that it no longer adheres to its responsibilities. Thus, the people, in both Machiavelli and Locke, appear to share a similar amount of power both in the formation of government and in its oversight namely, that of adjudication. In the Discourses, Machiavelli writes of a cyclical succession of governments, one after another, each one rising to prominence only to fall to licentiousness. It is through this cycle that Machiavelli demonstrates the power of the people to adjudicate, and he argues that it is this adjudication that perpetuates the cycle. Kings rise to prominence base upon character, until the monarchy becomes hereditary and degenerates into sumptuousness and lasciviousness.25Machiavelli and Locke both considered the nature of government and mans individual interests as they relate to governme ntal structures. Machiavellis idea of fortune and Lockes state of nature concept both shaped the theorists arguments about the purpose of political life. It has been posited that for Machiavelli, politics is an unpredictable arena in which ambition, deception and violence render the idea of the common good meaningless, while Locke would argue that political or civil society exists only to preserve the rights of the individual. It can be argued that for both Machiavelli and Lock, political activity, then, becomes merely a means of pleasant selfish ends.26Napolen Bonaparte a follower of MachiavelliOne of the greatest military commanders and a risk taking gambler a workaholic genius and an unforbearing short term planner a vicious cynic who forgave his closest betrayers a misogynist who could enthrall men Napoleon Bonaparte was all of these and more, the twice-emperor of France whose military endeavors and sheer personality dominated Europe in person for a decade, and in thought for a century.27In 1513, Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a piece of work called, The Prince. It was written to all principalities, and that which is parallel to what Machiavelli suggests is often referred to as being Machiavellian. The purpose of this essay is to ask the question Is Napoleon Bonaparte Machiavellian in Nature? By the evidence found from Napoleons life and accomplishments it can said that he was not Machiavellian in nature, which can be demonstrated by numerous accounts as well as some suggested characteristics given by Machiavelli, to support this theory. This essay will take a look at Napoleons leadership skills, his beliefs and ideals, as well as his personality that made him a great political figure. These aspects of Napoleons persona give a description of how his character was different from that in Machiavellis The Prince. In the area of leadership, Napoleon had many qualities that set him apart from the rest. Napoleon was a great leader but at times his people hated him . Machiavelli believed that, one cannot call it virtue to kill ones citizens, betray ones friends, to be without faith, without mercy, without religion these modes can enable one to acquire an empire, but not glory.28Machiavelli said, it remains now to see what the modes and government of a prince should be with subjects and with friends. Apparently Napoleon was not a good friend considering when he was exiled the second time his friends that had been with him since the beginning were said to have killed him. ground on this it can be said that Napoleon does not display characteristics of being Machiavellian.Napoleon believed that he would be a much more successful leader if the people liked him. This is thought so because when he was trying to get political support by the people he did not exploiter fear, he found something they all wanted to hear and he said them. Even though Machiavelli said, it is much safer to be feared, then loved, if one has to lack one of the two. Napoleon also tried to make the people like him by setting up the Napoleonic Code, which was a set of laws that gave religious freedom and equality. other illustration of Napoleons beliefs and, or ideals was, instead of appearing to have Machiavellian characteristics, Napoleon actually had them. Thus it is not necessary for a prince to have all the in a higher place mentioned qualities in fact, but it is indeed necessary to appear to have them. Napoleon was actually a feared leader and thought of people as disposable but Machiavelli only said to appear to have these traits. The final area of Napoleons behavior is his personality. Machiavelli stated, it is very natural and ordinary to desire to acquire, and always, when men do it who can, they will be praised and not blamed but when they cannot, and want to do it anyway, here lie the error and the blame.

Distinguished From Combinations Of Words English Language Essay

Distinguished From Combinations Of Words side Language EssayComposition as a way of word- compriseation was very productive since Old English period and remains wholeness of the most active types of word-building in Modern English. More than one third of neologisms in English ar conglomerate words.The goal of this query is to investigate what is a intensify word, how it is built and how it can be distinguished from combinations of words. alter Objectivesto study the theory of the topicto analyze gathered informationto draw relevant conclusionsThe hypothesis of the given work is that fluxs play enormous role in English word formation.The methods of researchTheoretical method ( analyzeing and analysing the theory of the word-formation in English language, composition)Practical method (searching compounds in Old English, and usingReview of the worldations All the materials used by the author while doing this research were theoretical.Compounds and their criteriaCompound words ar gon words consisting of at least devil stems which occur in the language as free forms ( 1986108). There are compound words among each(prenominal) notional parts of speech, but mostly among nouns and adjectives synchronic word-formation system of English has a nominal character.Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units which are formally and semantically dependent on their components and relations amongst them.In Old English domineering structural patters of composition were noun + noun, adjective + noun, noun + adjective. Here are some exampless (ice, noun) + ceald (cold, adjective) = s-ceald (ice-cold, compound) Online 1In Middle English period compound nouns were numerous, for example tablecloth, penknife. New compounds consisted of prepositionAll the existing classifications of compound words represent a modified classification of Old Sanskrit Grammar where nominative compound words are subdivided into copulative (woman-doctor), determinative (air-mail) and exocentric ( cut-throat) which are not typical of the English language.As English compounds consist of free forms it is difficult to distinguish them from combinations of words. Online 2 What is the difference between a slow coach and a slowcoach? There are several criteria which can help to differentiate between them.1.. Phonological criterion. Almost all compounds with a few exceptions always show a high stress on the first element. Compound adjectives are doubled-stressed easy-going, snow-white.2. Morphological criterion. Criterion of Formal single was introduced byA.I. Smirnitsky. Comparing shipwreck and wreck of a ship with identical sets of morphemes and identical meaning he states that they differ. A word is characterized by structural wholeness which is absent in a word-combination. Grammatical formants are added to the whole compound not to every component shipwrecks, shipwrecks.3. Syntactic criterion. We have no right to measure up any component of a compound word or to change their order or to insert any word into its structure. L. Bloomfield points out that the word char in the phrase black birds can be modified by very, very black birds, but never in a compound blackbirds.4. pictorial criterion. Compound words may have solid, hyphened and even separate spelling. The lack of uniformity in spelling makes this criterion insufficient and highly unreliable.The historical education of compounds and their ClasssificationNot all the compound words inherited by the vocabulary of English are preserved in the language in their primary form having undergone various phonetic changes, which reduced them to simple or root words. This process is called simplification of stems.The form of a compound word and its pronounciation may be changed so that it is hardly recognizable. The following examples serve as illustration woman = wifmann (Old English, woman person), husband = husbonda (Old English, master of the house, bua to dwell).There are three ways to classify compoun d words.1. Structural classification. Structurally, compounds are distinguished as endocentric (bookcase, sunrise), exocentric (cut-throat, daredevil), buhuvrihi1(bigwig, greenhorn) and syntactic compounds which correlate with phrases (baby-sitter) ( 1986 123)2. According to the type of composition compounds are divided into 3 groupsa) juxtaposition without linking elements ( 1986123) heartache, bookcase, film-star.b) Compounds with linking vowel and consonant ( 1986123) Afro-American, speedometer, handicraft.c) Compounds with linking elements represented by preposition and conjunction stems ( 1986123) bread-and-butter, father-in-law. There are also lexicalized phrases like ( 1986123) forget-me-not, devil-may-care, dog-in-the-manger.3. According to the structure of immediate constituents (later in the research IC) compounds are divided into four groupsa) Compounds consisting of simple stems ( 1986123) bottle-neck, stare-gazeb) Compounds where one IC is derived ( 1986123) beef-eater c) Compounds where one IC is clipped X-mas (Christmas) ( 1986123)d) Compounds where one IC is compound wastepaper-basket ( 1986123).specific features of english compoundsThe legal age of English compounds consist of free forms where combining elements are rare and possess a regular two-stem pattern.Any element playing an attributive function and standing(a) before the main word may be united with it and form a compound word two-year course, last-minute preparation.Derivational compounds contain two free stems and suffix referring to the whole combination blue-eyed. There are also a lot of nonce-words among them save-your-own-soul-ism.A special group of compounds is constituted by reduplicative compounds reduplicative compounds proper, ablaut combinations and poetry combinations.New word-forming patterns in composition revealing the influence of extra-linguistic factors can be illustrated by such compounds as teach-in, phone-in, sit-in, etc. These combinations contain a connotation of public protest.Compound words are frequent among nouns and adjectives but the existence of compound verbs in Modern English can be doubted. To blacklist, to over-flow are often called compound verbs. However, for example, to house-keep, to hitch-hike are created not by composition but by back-formation and conversion if treated diachronically.ConclusionTo conclude the results of the research it is important to state that after having read and analyzed the theory of composition as a way of English word-formation the author of the research came to the conclusion that compounds have a long history and are one of the most popular ways of word-building in English language. It should be also mentioned that not a single criterion mentioned it the research is sufficient to raise whether we deal with a combination of words or a compound word.

The 400 Blows: An Expression of a Cinematic Revitalization

The four hundred Blows An Expression of a Cinematic RevitalizationThe 400 Blows directed by Francois Truffaut is an iconic pictorial matter of the late fifties that refined french cinema and helped spark a cinematic revolution known as the French refreshful Wave. A touching report to the highest degree a young adolescent growing up in capital of France named Antoine Doinel, the film artfully captures the unfortunate circumstances of the troubled boys living and his tragic hand-build into a life of transgression and crime as a result. Misunderstood by both his mother and stepfather at home as well as tormented at school by his ruthless instructor, Antoine finds himself seeking to escape such(prenominal) environments in search of a place where he feels he belongs. initially conducting small acts of defiance exchangeable writing on the classroom wall, Antoine slowly progresses into much delinquent behavior as he begins skipping classes and later to stealing a typewriter. Out raged by his behavior, Antoines p atomic number 18nts send him to a reform school. From there, Antoine finally take fors a break for freedom and gets a appearance from all that had troubled him as he makes his way to the shores of a beach. Altogether, the inspiring film illustrates a captivating cinematic theme of how an absence of understanding and loving parents and a lack of fair treatment at school can make young boys susceptible to acts of mischief and delinquency as a consequence. More important than this engaging element ab forbidden the film, though, is the concomitant that the foundation of the films praise primarily stems from its representation of revolutionary French juvenile Wave ideas. Such ideas included the development of films that portrayed artistic expression, captured real life spontaneity and authenticity, expressed genuine emotion, elicited critical meaning in the viewing hearing, and much more (Cslleov and Formnek). The 400 Blows exemplifies three key c haracteristics of the French New Wave through its inclusion of various innovative film proficiencys, through its illustration of a realistic and philosophical storyline, and through its utilization of an unconventional maculation layout.One of the first qualities about the film demonstrating characteristics of the French New Wave is that it consists of an assortment of creative filming techniques such as the long take, pop cut, and on sight shooting. To begin, there is single notable instance throughout the film which uses the newfound technique of the long take a mutable that films a mount for a long period of time (Film Glossary). An account of this technique can be seen through the running in Paris background with the gym teacher. As the teacher and the boys run through the streets of Paris, the camera pans from a higher, wider view, and captures the Paris cityscape of the time as the boys sneakily run outdoors from the group into buildings and alleyways. As a whole, this shot spans for roughly one minute and thirty seconds and allows the film to direct the viewers attentions towards significant narrative elements. In this case, this technique really helps to capture the liveliness of Paris during the 1950s for the viewers through its detailed and elaborate visualization of Paris architecture, buildings, bustling streets, etc. The long take in this example helps to define the reformist cinematic uniqueness that French New Wave filmmakers were striving for, specifically, for enabling realism in filming in order to make references feel more involved and part of the film. In addition to the unfamiliar use of the long take, is the incorporation of the jump cut in the film. In short, the jump cut is a technique that involves a sudden transition from one panorama to the next (Film Glossary). An occasion when some jump cuts are used in the film is during the scene in which a psychologist asks Antione a series of questions while he is at the academy. In t his scene, Antoine simply answers the questions that the psychologist asks and provides details about his early life and the happenings that took place. Interestingly, the viewer does not get a glimpse of the psychologist at all but only sees Antoine answering the questions. Throughout the interview, there are roughly four jump cuts that are merged into it. After al roughly each question that the psychologist asks, there is a sudden change in the scene that occurs as it shifts into the next question as if the interview was broken up and edited in some parts. The use of the jump cuts in this instance enables the film to reel in the audiences attention with the scene and with the film collectively. In a sense, this technique helps to gather the viewers attention with Antoine and his character on a deeper and more personal level so that the audience gets a better glimpse into Antiones world and his situation. Overall, the use of the jump cut from the film helps signify French New Wave filmmakers cinematic push away from typical continuous and easy flowing films of the time to a refreshed and strange exhibition of discontinuity or jaggedness in films. Finally, the last significant filming technique in the film that represents French New Wave ideas is immortalisen through the fact that the film is actually shot in quintuple locations of Paris. There are ternary instances throughout the film in which on sight filming takes place. Such instances are expressed in scenes that show the city streets of Paris, that show Antoines small home, that show the school, and that show the shores of the beach towards the end of the film. The use of filming scenes in real locations is a major component of French New Wave ideas because French filmmakers cute to attempt making films that were more natural and accurately depicted the real world as much as possible. The 400 Blows definitely showcases naturality and realness because of it being filmed in parts of Paris instead of u sing other non-realistic methods like backdrops, stages, etc. to indicate specific locations.Another instance of how the film exhibits aspects of the French New Wave is through its expression of an authentic and thought provoking story line which utilizes a realistic representation of characters as well as invokes relatability or self- supposeivity in the viewers. To begin, The 400 Blows presents realistic and ordinary characters throughout its storyline instead of using fictitious or mythical individuals. An example of this can be demonstrated through Antoines character. Antoine is a rebellious fourteen-year-old teenager who lives a simple life in a small apartment with his mother and stepfather and attends school, nothing for which is all over fantasized, exaggerated, or unlikely for the life of an adolescent. Like many children his age, Antoine is not perfect and has his own flaws. He occasionally fools around in class and gets into trouble with his teacher by writing on the wal ls or not doing his homework, he dis obeys his parents at times by lying or running away when he disagrees with their rules, he has a difficult time listening to authority and doing what he is told, he steals things multiple times, and much more. There is not much about Antoines life that one would find unbelievable or unrelatable to in some way. Due to the depiction of Antoines practical life and character, the storyline throughout the film becomes more credible, interesting, and thoughtful for viewers because of the sincere portrayal of human normalcy and complications throughout the film. The realistic character usage in the film, in turn, also helps to conjure up relatability or self-reflectivity in viewers which makes the storyline more philosophical and meaningful as a result. To expand, the film showcases the feelings, struggles, actions, difficulties, etc. of not just one character but of multiple characters. First, is a mother who struggles with her relationship with both h er son and husband at home. Second, is a son who struggles with problems at home and at school. Next, is a teacher who struggles with insubordinate and troubling students. In essence, the film forms realistic stories about the lives of many characters which can encourage the audience to draw similarities from their own life with the events and circumstances from either a specific characters life from the film or the story in general. Thus, these realistic and relatable qualities about the film allow for a meaningful and philosophical viewing invite for the audience.Lastly, a final example of the film featuring elements of the French New Wave is through its usage of an unorthodox patch setup which contains choppy or evidently random scenes as well as an un resolutenessd resolution. To clarify, most films have plots that connect specific events, actions, etc. for viewers. That is, the plot should give flow to a films story and make the viewer feel as if events are all connected an d not just randomly thrown into the film. However, one might say that The 400 Blows presents a less systematic and clear-cut plot setup than what most films usually did during the time. For instance, throughout the film there are countless scenes that simply march Paris landscape and cityscape or what come alongs like just random bits of footage with characters that do not add to the plots purpose or connect anything specific about the film. Scenes like these include when Antoine catches his mother kissing a man who is not his father as he skips school, the running in Paris scene with the gym teacher and students, when Antoine and Rene run down the steps of the Sacr-Coeur, when Antoine and Rene run around town just by and by stealing the typewriter, when Antoine makes a cigarette while in his prison cell, and more. These scenes do not necessarily explain certain events in the story or add to the plot for any particular reason or purpose, but rather, seem to be there for more arti stic filming reasons or for no true reason at all. The inclusion of scenes that do not have a definitive purpose or add to the plot for any specific reason may make the film feel choppy at times. Nevertheless, the plainly choppy and spontaneous plot feel that the film conveys is another aspect that French New Wave filmmakers were seeking because it went against the usual organized and directed plot of most films of the time. One last obvious example of the films illustration of a different plot layout, is through the fact that the film has an unresolved resolution. Unlike most films of the time, The 400 Blows does not have a plot layout that provides a sense of clarity for the viewer at the end of it. During the end of the film, the viewer watches a frigid climatic moment as Antoine escapes the academy. As he runs as fast and as far as he can from the academy personal, Antoine makes his way to the shores of a beach. While there, Antoine runs up to the ocean and touches the water w ith his feet and then turns to the camera where the scene abruptly ends. Ultimately, the viewer is left with no definitive conclusion or resolve to Antoines story. The ambiguous ending left in the film is a striking presentation of French New Wave ideas because filmmakers from the time wanted viewers to think more critically about the films they watched and decide for themselves what they felt the ending might be.All in all, the film encompasses a wide array of French New Wave ideas that can be seen in multiple ways. First, is through the films usage of an atypical plot layout. Having artistic and non-specific scenes that dont necessarily relate back to the storys plot as well as having an open-ended conclusion, the audience is left to philosophically think about and consider the film more in depth during and even after the film. Next, is through the films depiction of a realistic and thoughtful storyline. With the use of a relatable and realistic storyline in addition to seemingly average characters, the film allows the audience to make introspective and personal connections among themselves and with the film and the characters that play in it. Lastly, is through the films incorporation of inventive filming techniques. Techniques such as location shooting, the jump cut, and the long take, all help the audience experience the film in a more natural and realistic way so as to make them feel more part of the film. Ultimately, The 400 Blows is a unique film because through all of these French New Wave characteristics found throughout it, the film serves as an expression of a cinematic revitalization in filming.Works CitedCslleov, Eva, and Vtek Formnek. French New Wave Nouvelle Vague innovation in Film Industry. United Film, Ministry of Culture, 2016, www.unitedfilm.cz/unitedvision/index.php/en/articles/item/438-french-new-wave-nouvelle-vague-revolution-in-film-industry.Film Glossary. Provided by the Brooklyn College Film Department, Brooklyn College, 2017, htt p//userhome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/anthro/jbeatty/COURSES/glossary.htmname48.The 400 Blows. Directed by Francois Truffaut. Les Filmes du Carosse. The Criterion Collection. 1959. 123 Movies. www. 123movies.gs/film/the-400-blows-4084/Interprofessional Working in Social Work EssayInterprofessional Working in Social Work EssayCritically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of interprofessional operative within sociable work creationDuring the last thirty years there has been a lot of debate over community care. Policy in the 1970s and 1980s brought significant changes to function for people with disabilities, people with learning disabilities, and older people (Kirk, 1998). Many institutions were closed due to financial constraints and care was increasingly focused on the community. In 1988 the authorities commissioned the Griffiths Report (1988) which advised that local anesthetic authorities should be enablers, organizing and directing community care. Local authorities would have bud gets with which to purchase care from the private and unpaid worker sector.The 1990 NHS and Community Care Act established that provision of care was no longer the sole responsibility of the state. Care packages would be organised by local authorities with input from voluntary and charitable organisations. Care packages generally consist of one or more of the following provision of advantages in a persons home, residential care, respite care, day care and family placements, sheltered housing and group homes and hostels. The introduction of the 1990 Act increased the burden of care for the complaisant work profession who had to make initial assessments and then refer clients to the appropriate services. This meant that social workers who had previously been quite autonomous in their practice (Challis, 1991). The introduction of new functional(a) practices and the necessity for a greater degree of inter-professional working has meant that this autonomy has been increasingly eroded . This paper will examine the strengths and weaknesses of inter-professional working for social workers in the health arena.Since the introduction of the 1990 Care in the Community Act legislative and policy requirements have focused on health and social care agencies working collaboratively with service users and in July 2005 the Government produced a white paper on the delivery of integrated health and social care.1 The main thrust of this paper is to establish efficacious inter-professional working and the means of evaluating working practice. This is probably in response to the fact that much of the literature concerned with inter-professional working concentrates on the difficulties surrounding successful working relationships betwixt people of different professions and how these problems might best be resolved (Molyneux, 2001).Molyneuxs (2001)2 research into successful inter-professional working established three areas that contributed to the success of such partnerships. S taff needed to be fully committed to what they were doing and personal qualities of adaptability, flexibility and a willingness to share with others were high on the agenda. Regular and positive communication between professionals was seen as endemic to good working relationships and service delivery. This communication was enhanced (in the study) by the instigation of weekly case conferences which allowed professionals to share knowledge and experiences (2001, p.3). Creative working methods, where professionals responded to what was happening in non-traditional ways was also seen as a crucial element of good inter-professional relationships.In order to be able to work successfully across professional boundaries people need to be confident of their own professional role in order to be able to step outside their professional autonomy and work successfully with others. It helps in inter-professional working if all members of the team are particularly focused on the needs of the servic e user. In this way people reach professional adulthood (Laidler, 1991). Hudson (2005) found in his Birmingham study that inter-professional working went well provided it was based on a parity of esteem, rough-cut respect and a re-orientation of professional affinity i.e. team members first loyalty was to the team rather than to their individual professional bodies. Hudson also identified communication between members and creativity in working patterns as vital to effective inter-professional working. While Hudson (2005) maintains that there are grounds for optimism as to the future of inter-professional working, he nevertheless points out that it is not always easy. In some areas such as acute services, mental health services or services for older people inter-professional working can be problematic because it is not always easy to decide where one set of professional responsibilities end and another begins. These areas, along with learning disabilities, reflect tensions in integr ated working because it poses a threat to established practices. Peck and Norman (1999) found that mental health professionals working within teams were reluctant to obey decisions taken by others because it threatened their own professional judgement. It does not help matters when the Government stresses the need for inter-professional working and then sets separate performance targets, rather than integrated group ones. At the same time as it emphasises collaborative working the Government is now intent on prioritising choice and competition and this leaves professionals with an unstable stem (Hudson, 2001). As Hudson arguesIt would be a cruel irony if, having achieved the holy grail of local integrated working, the government, with Sedgefields local MP at its head, now puts in place measures that result in its dismantling (Hudson 2005 no page number).3Conclusion clearly the issues surrounding inter-professional working are not clear cut for social workers. They have lost the pro fessional autonomy that they had in the past and it would seem that some professionals in other areas of social care also find the issues problematic. Clearly professionals from all filed, including social work, do their best to comply with legislation and policy and to collaborate with other professionals. If the goalposts were not consistently shifting in Government chat then the problems associated with inter-professional working may eventually be ironed out.ReferencesGriffiths Report (1988) Community Care An Agenda for Action, London HMSOHudson, B. Grounds for Optimism Community Care declination 1st 2005Kirk, S. 1998 Trends in community care and patient participation Implications for the roles of informal carers and community nurses in the United Kingdom Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol 28 August 1998 Issue 2 p.370Laidler, P. 1991 Adults and How to become one Therapy Weekly 17 (35) p.4Molyneux, J 2001 Interprofessional team working What makes teams work well? Journal of Inter-p rofessional Care 15 (1) 2001 p.1-7Norman, I and Peck E. 1999 Working together in adult community mental health services An inter-professional dialogue Journal of Mental Health 8 (3) June 1999 pp. 217-230http//www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/PressReleases/PressReleasesNotices/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4116486chk=zOTHS/11 http//www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/PressReleases/PressReleasesNotices/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4116486chk=zOTHS/2 Molyneux is a social worker who was part of the inter-professional team on which the study was based.3 http//www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2005/12/01/51988/Grounds+for+optimism+.html?key=BOB+HUDSON accessed 4/4/06

Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry Essay -- Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry Mildr

Roll of Thunder turn around My CryMildred D. Taylors Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry is set during the smashing Depression, in the rural aras of Mississippi. The majority of the people in this community are sharecroppers, who are greatly dependent on plantation farming. The Logan family is fortunate because they take luff a piece of land of their own, so unlike former(a) black sharecroppers they do not beat to be dependent on the whites. However, due to the sharp abate in the price of the cotton crop the family have to work hard to keep it in their hands, whilst in any case providing food in order for them to survive. The situation is and worsened because of the severity of racism and segregation in the society. The Logans are one of the few families who own land and this causes resentment from the whites whose beliefs are that black people are inferior and the whites must maintain their supremacy. David Logan and Uncle form both believe that prejudice must be stopped, yet the ways in which they champion against it differ greatly. pop prefers to act non-violently and to work within the system. He does so by concentrating on paying off the mortgage of the land so that his family will be on an equal par with the whites and have self-respect. He modifies his behaviour and considers things carefully in order not to jeopardise the land and the rubber eraser of his family. Hammer on the other hand has left Mississippi to get away from the prejudice, but once confronted with it again he reacts violently and impulsively. Being a single person he puts his sense of injustice before concern about repercussions against the family.Papa works on the railroads in order to support his family and the land, so as a reply he only returns to Mississippi during the wintertime. Unlike Papa, Uncle Hammer does not live with the family. He is not married and lives in clams where segregation is less severe, and frankincense has the opportunity to earn a good salary. When he visits the Logan family during the Christmas season Uncle Hammer wore, as he had everyday since he had arrived, precipitously creased pants, a vest everyplace a snow-white shirt and shoes that shone like midnight. This shows that he is not afraid to flaunt his wealth, which in turn provokes the whites. His aim is to show them that black people can be as equally successful. Also the black community admire him for his achievements, Uncle Hammer... ...n never to give up and to fight against racism. We keep doing what we gotta, and we dont give up, we cant They also teach the children to demand respect. This plays an important part in the stability and the survival of the family. Another thing they have in roughhewn is that they both value their grow through the act of story telling, passing on their cultural heritage from generation to generation which happens often throughout the novel. For exemplification during Christmas time Papa tells the children, and ole Hammer and me, we used to sneak up there whenever itd get so hot you couldnt hardly move and take a checkmate of them melons on down to the pool and let them get real chilled. In conclusion Uncle Hammer behaves much more impulsively than Papa, who can control his renormalize very well. He does not act spontaneously and thinks things out carefully, unlike Hammer who often acts on the spur of the moment. Despite the differences in their self-control and lifestyles, they are loyal family men who have similar values and principles and want to pass on their culture and teach the children their history. In view of this Uncle Hammer and Papa have more in leafy vegetable than is different. Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry Essay -- Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry MildrRoll of Thunder Hear My CryMildred D. Taylors Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry is set during the Great Depression, in the rural areas of Mississippi. The majority of the people in this community are sharecroppers, who are greatly depe ndent on plantation farming. The Logan family is fortunate because they have a piece of land of their own, so unlike other black sharecroppers they do not have to be dependent on the whites. However, due to the sharp decrease in the price of the cotton crop the family have to work hard to keep it in their hands, whilst also providing food in order for them to survive. The situation is further worsened because of the severity of racism and segregation in the society. The Logans are one of the few families who own land and this causes resentment from the whites whose beliefs are that black people are inferior and the whites must maintain their supremacy. David Logan and Uncle Hammer both believe that prejudice must be stopped, yet the ways in which they fight against it differ greatly. Papa prefers to act non-violently and to work within the system. He does so by concentrating on paying off the mortgage of the land so that his family will be on an equal par with the whites and have se lf-respect. He modifies his behaviour and considers things carefully in order not to jeopardise the land and the safety of his family. Hammer on the other hand has left Mississippi to get away from the prejudice, but once confronted with it again he reacts violently and impulsively. Being a single person he puts his sense of injustice before concern about repercussions against the family.Papa works on the railroads in order to support his family and the land, so as a result he only returns to Mississippi during the wintertime. Unlike Papa, Uncle Hammer does not live with the family. He is not married and lives in Chicago where segregation is less severe, and thus has the opportunity to earn a good salary. When he visits the Logan family during the Christmas season Uncle Hammer wore, as he had everyday since he had arrived, sharply creased pants, a vest over a snow-white shirt and shoes that shone like midnight. This shows that he is not afraid to flaunt his wealth, which in turn pro vokes the whites. His aim is to show them that black people can be as equally successful. Also the black community admire him for his achievements, Uncle Hammer... ...n never to give up and to fight against racism. We keep doing what we gotta, and we dont give up, we cant They also teach the children to demand respect. This plays an important part in the stability and the survival of the family. Another thing they have in common is that they both value their roots through the act of story telling, passing on their cultural heritage from generation to generation which happens often throughout the novel. For example during Christmas time Papa tells the children, and ole Hammer and me, we used to sneak up there whenever itd get so hot you couldnt hardly move and take a couple of them melons on down to the pond and let them get real chilled. In conclusion Uncle Hammer behaves much more impulsively than Papa, who can control his temper very well. He does not act spontaneously and thinks things out carefully, unlike Hammer who often acts on the spur of the moment. Despite the differences in their self-control and lifestyles, they are loyal family men who have similar values and principles and want to pass on their culture and teach the children their history. In view of this Uncle Hammer and Papa have more in common than is different.

Peter The Great :: essays research papers fc

PETER THE GREATTHE REVOLUTIONARY CZAR OF RUSSIAPeter the offset printing of Russia (more commonly known as Peter the Great) was born the son of Alexis Michailovich Romanov and Natalia Cyrilovna Narishkina on June 9, 1672 in Moscow, Russia (2242-243). Alexis was everywherejoyed, and a great gingerbread cake with the double eagle was made, cannons were fired, and bells rang all over the land (489). But at his birth, it was not known that he would be the future czar of Russia. It was not until later on, when the czar Alexis died in 1676 at the maturate of 47, leaving his son Feodor (son of his first wife, Maria Miloslavsky) the heir to the throne (489). Feodor was slightly retarded, and therefore very fragile. Bitter rivalries went up for 6 historic period between the widow and ex-wife of Alexis, until Feodor died of natural causes in 1682 (489). It was then that a truce was made that Peter and his half-brother Ivan (also son of Maria), who was also slightly retarded, would be joi nt czars (489). He dog-tired most of his young childhood life in the Kremlin, which he grew to hate, due to the dusky rooms, the labyrinthine corridors, and the bloody memories of terror and danger (489). When Peter was 10 years old, the palace guards revolted, and brutally murdered the supporters of his mother. Peter witnessed the brutal murders of Artemon Mateev, and Natalias brother on the lawn of the Kremlin. It was then that Peter, his two small sisters, and his mother withdrew to the countryhouse of Czar Alexis in the colony of Preobrazhenskoe outside Moscow. They returned to the Kremlin infrequently, where Peter and Ivan sat on their double throne, flanked by 12 giant guards with battle-axes. Warily Peter listened as his clever and relentlessly ambitious honest-to-god half-sister Sophia (also daughter of Maria), acting as regent, whispered instructions to him through the curtain (490). In the country, Peter was allowed to roam the fields and streets with the peasant boys, who were his close friends, playing soldier, and create forts on his home grounds. By the age of 12, he had learned masonry, shooting, hunting, and other games (490). Children from neighboring countrysides heard of these games and soon came from Moscow with their servants to play with the young Czar. adept of Peters friends brought out a young fellow named Alexander Menshikov, whom, legend says, he had met selling meat pies in Red Square.

Athens-Greece Essays -- Ancient Greece Essays

Athens - GreeceDuring the fifth century of Ancient Greece the city-states of Athens and Sparta stand for two very different forms of living. Spartans directed their time towards their military capabilities while the Athenians were interested in comfort and culture. Spartas and Athens political and environmental differences along with their different views on women caused the two city-states to be very dissimilar. Two major forms of government existed during Ancient Greece oligarchy and democracy. The government in Sparta was controlled by an oligarchy in which the power was held by a group of five men called ephors. Working below the ephors was the Council of Elders and an Assembly. Male citizens over age sixty could serve on the Council while anyone, male or female, over the age of twenty could be a member of the Assembly.1 Though the citizens had little say in the decisions made by the government, the system worked effectively. It was the oligarchy in Sparta that jell a war-like attitude as its first priority in the city-state. Every man in the army fought with a great deal of passion for his country. The beliefs of Sparta were orientated around the state. The individual lived and died for the state. The government in Athens followed a very different course than that of Sparta. Upper class male citizens over the age of xxx were the only Athenians who held any right to vote. The democracy in Athens consiste...

Red Dress by Alice Munro Essay -- Red Dress Alice Munro

rose-cheeked Dress by Alice MunroThe short story Red Dress by Alice Munro is about a tender girls first high school dance. Her home and school environment determined her attitude towards the dance.This girls home life was bad. She was constantly put down mentally by her mother, even in front of her friend Lonnie, to the point that the narrator envied Lonnie on account that her mother died and she lived alone with her father. I doubt if she appreciates it. She enraged me, talking analogous this to Lonnie, as if Lonnie were grown up and I were still a child. Her mother was obscene in the house the description that is given would make one sick. It is verbalize that she did not take care of herself in the house, and exposed her lumpy veins to the in-house public. This probably made the narrator t... Red Dress by Alice Munro Essay -- Red Dress Alice MunroRed Dress by Alice MunroThe short story Red Dress by Alice Munro is about a young girls first high school dance. Her home and school environment determined her attitude towards the dance.This girls home life was bad. She was constantly put down mentally by her mother, even in front of her friend Lonnie, to the point that the narrator envied Lonnie on account that her mother died and she lived alone with her father. I doubt if she appreciates it. She enraged me, talking like this to Lonnie, as if Lonnie were grown up and I were still a child. Her mother was obscene in the house the description that is given would make one sick. It is said that she did not take care of herself in the house, and exposed her lumpy veins to the in-house public. This probably made the narrator t...